Dictionaries

1) Latin Dictionary at Notre Dame.  Use for general needs.
http://archives.nd.edu/latgramm.htm

2) Lewis and Short at Perseus. Useful for more advance or precise needs.
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?redirect=true&lang=Latin

Figures of Speech

1) Asyndeton

2) Polysyndeton

3) Anaphora

4) Hyperbaton

5) Hendiadys

6) Anastrophe

7) Apostrophe

8) Homoioteleuton

9) Alliteration

10) Tmesis

11) Zeugma

12) Chiasmus

13) Synecdoche

14) Metonymy

15) Onomatopoeia

16) Metaphor

17) Aposiopesis

18) Ecphrasis

19) Ellipsis

20) Enjambment

21) Hyperbole

22) Litotes

23) Pleonism

24) Polyptoton

25) Simile

26) Transfered Epithet

27) Tricolon Crescens

Vocabulary Lists

End of Aeneid Book IV and the Beginning of Book VI

Acheron, Acherontis (m) River of Hades

Lacus Avernus - Lake near Cumae and entrance to Underworlld

Charon, Charontis (m) Charon, ferryman of souls across the river Styx 

Cocytus, -i (m) river in the underworld 

Dis, Ditis (m) Pluto, Hades, god of underworld 

Hecate - Infernal version of Diana

Proserpina, -ae (f) Peresphone 

Iris, Iridis (f) Iris, messenger of Juno and goddess of the rainbow

abluo, abluere, ablui, ablutus - to wash (off)

adnitor, adniti, adnisus sum - to lean on; struggle 

aestuo (1) boil, seethe, rage

arceo, acrere, arcui - to keep off, defend 

bacchor (1) to rave, rush wildly (what are Bacchantes/Maenades?)

cado, cadere, cecidi, casus - to fall 

concutio, concutere, concussi, concussus - to shake, shatter

consuesco, consuescere, consuevi, consuetus - to be accustomed (to)+ infinitive

cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognotus - to learn, come to know (in the perfect = know). 

deficio, deficere, defeci, defectus - fail, faint 

defungor, defungi, defunctus, a, um - perform, finish + ablative case

desum, deesse, defui - to be lacking; to fail + dative case

efficio, efficere, effeci, effectus - to do, effect  (often used impersonally + ut + subjunctive = “it happened that.....”

fremo, fremere, fremui- roar, grown 

iaceo, iacere, iacui - to lie 

iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus - to please, to help (often used impersonally) 

haereo, haerēre, haesī, haesum - to cling

haurio, haurire, hausī, haustus - to drain, drink in 

glomero (1) to gather, collect

miseror, miserari, miseratus sum - to pity

nasciscor, nascisci, nactus sum - to find, to obtain 

oro (1) to plead, to beg, to beseech, to pray 

queror, querī, questus sum - to complain 

recedo, recedere, recessī, recussus - to back, retreat

seco, secare, secui, sectus - to cut, cleave, slice

solvo, solvere, solvi, solutus - to free, loosen, set free

spargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsus - to scatter, sprinkled 

sperno, spernere, sprevi, spretus - scorn, reject

spumo (1) to foam 

vereor, verērī, veritus sum - to fear, be afraid of

verro, verrere, verri, versus - to sweep (over) 

aether, aetheris (m) upper air; heaven 

amnis, -is (m) river 

amictus, -ūs (m) cloak, robe 

calor, caloris (m) heat, warmth

canities, canitiei (f) 

casus, -ūs (m) misfortune disater

casu (adv.) by change, accidentally 

comes, comitis (m/f) companion 

consilium, -ii (n) plan, counsel 

copia, -ae (f) abundance; troops, forces; supplies

culmen, culminis (n) top, summit

crinis, crinis (m) hair

folium, -i (n) leaf 

gemitus, -ūs (m) roar, groan, lament

harena, -ae (f) sand, beach 

halitus, -ūs (m) breath

heros, herois (m) hero, great warrior

lacus, -ūs (m) lake

mentum, -i (n) chin

mens, mentis (f) mind; thought, intension 

mos, moris (m) custom, manner

mors, mortis (f) death 

omen, ominis (n) omen

opera, -ae (f) effort, attention, service, hard work 

ops, opis (f) power, support ; in plural - resources; wealth, influence

opus, operis (n) work, task; fortification 

palus, paludis (f) swamp, marsh 

ramus, -i (m) brach of a tree

remus, -i (m) oar of ship

rota, -ae (f) wheel 

ripa, -ae (f) bank

rogus, -i (m) 

senectus, senectutis (f) old age 

sinus, -ūs (m) fold, boson, bay, hollow, indentation 

sors, sortis (f) lot, chance 

spatium, -ii (n) space, interval of time

torus, -i (m) couch, bed

usus, -us (m) use, need, purpose (usui is a common dative of purpose)

tumultus, -ūs (m) tumult, uprising, clamor 

vadum, -i (n) shallow, shoal 

angustus, a, um - narrow

amplus, a, um - ample, full, spacious 

crudus, a, um - raw, fresh; bloody 

expeditus, a, um - fast, unimpeded

exsanguis, -e bloodless, lifeless, pale 

examinis, -e - breathless, 

extremus, a, um - final, last, extreme

impertius, a, um - unskilled + gen. case

incolumis, -e  - unharmed, safe 

incultus, a, um - wild, unkempt 

iniquus, a, um - unfair, unjust, hostile 

inhumatus, a, um - unburied 

inops, inopis (adj.) needy, destitute, bereft of

lividus, a, um - blue, dark 

sordidus, a, um - dirty, squalid 

trepidus, a, um - agitated, trembling

aliter (adv.) otherwise

non aliter quam - not otherwise than, just as 

demum (adv.) at length, finally

enim - for, indeed, truly 

iuxta + acc. case = next to , close to 

inde  (adv.) thence, thereupon, afterward 

quia - because

totiens - so often

totidem - the same number

ūnā (adv.) together, at the same time

Be able to decline:   tota arx or idem foedus

Elissa, ae (f) Phoenician name of Dido

Thyias, Thyiadis (f) cultic following of Dionysus 

Tellus, Telluris (f) Tellus, Mother Earth 

ambio, ambire, ambivi, ambitus - to go around in search of support

excio, excire, excivi, excitus - to - to excite, rouse, stir up

foveo, fovere, fovi - to keep warm, cherish 

fraudo (1) to deprive of, to cheat out of + ablative case

fundo (1) to lay a foundation; to found

fulgeo, fulgere, fulsi - to flash; to shine bright

mando (1) to entrust; to order

meditor meditari, meditatus sum - to ponder; plan; contemplate 

misereor, misereri + genitive case = to pity

paenitet, paenitere, paenituit - it causes accusative to feel regret for genitive

piget, pigere, piguit (impersonal verb + acc. + inf.) it displeases, its causes regret 

propero (1) to hurry, to hasten 

potior, potiri, potitus sum (+ abl. or gen.) to take possession of  

rapio, rapere, rapui, raptus - to snatch, seize  (Aeneas rapto potitur).

rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptus - to break, to burst 

saevio, saevire - to rage, to be cruel 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - to take

surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectus - to rise  

umeo, umere - to be wet

aether, ethers (m) upper air; heaven 

ala, alle (f) wing

amarus, a, um - bitter

amnis, amnis (m) river 

aequor, aequoris (n) sea

arx, arcis (f) citadel 

artus, -us (m) limbs

aspectus, -us (m) sight, vision 

caecus, a, um - blind 

coniugium, i (n) marriage

conubium -i (n) marriage

dolus, -i (m) trick, deception 

foedus, foederis (n) treaty, contract 

funus, funeris (n) funeral, death 

grando, grandinis (f) hail 

laena, -ae (f) cloak

luxus, luxus (m) splendor, luxury; decadence 

metus, -us (m) fear

monitus, -us (m) warning, admonition 

nepos, nepotis (m) descendant; grandchild 

orgia, -orum (n. pl.) secret rites, mysteries 

otium, -ii (n) leisure, time of leisure 

planta, -ae (f) sole of foot; foot

sertum, i (n) garland 

sidus, sideris (n) star

sors, sortis (f) lot, fortune, fate, chance 

species, speciei (f) appearance 

spons, spontis (f) will, volition 

vis, vis (f) force

vires, virium (f. pl.) strength (men for Anja)

alienus, a, um - foreign, alien

extremus, a, um - last, final 

furtivus, a, um - secret, furtive

hibernus, a, um - winter, of the winter

inanis, -e   - empty, unless

incolumis, -e   - uninjured, safe

inops, inopis (adj.) lacking in wealth; devoid of + genitive case

mollis, -e  soft; kind 

perfidus, a, um - treacherous, false; deceitful 

pinguis, pingue (adj.) fat, rich; fertile 

potior, potius (comp. adj.) more powerful; stronger 

tutus, a, um - safe

undosus, a, um - abounding in waves, stormy 

uxorius, a, um - under a wife’s control 

velox, velocis (adj.) swift

continuo (adv.) immediately, at once

extemplo (adv.) immediately 

ocius (adv.) quickly, speedily 

omnino (adv.) 

pro re (legal idiom) - for my own case

tam...quam (correlative) as much...as

tot...quot (correlative) as many...as 

totidem (adv.) the same number as

tandem (adv.) at last, finally

ultro (adv.) beyond, from the other side, in reply 

Aeneid Vocabulary List for End of Book II

Be able to decline:     ea imago        haec acies        idem ensis

Dardanius, a, um - Trojan

Danaus,a , um - Greek

Tyndaris, Tyndaridis (f) daughter of Tyndarus = patronymic for Helen of Sparta   

What is the myth here? 

Erinys, Eyrinos (f) a Fury, Curse 

Ilias, Iliadis (f) Trojan Woman 

Iulus, -i (m) = Ascanius, son of Aeneas 

Mycenae. -arum (f. pl.) Mycenae, Greek homeland of Agamemnon 

Pergama, -orum (n. pl.) citadel of Troy

Vesta, -ae (f) goddess of the hearth

passim (adv.) 

abdo, abdere, abdidi, abditus - to hide, bury 

cado, cadere, cecidi, casus - to fall 

caligo (1) to be dark, darken 

comitor, comitari, comitatus sum - to accompany, to follow 

culpo (1) to blame 

desero, deserere, deserui, desertus - to desert, forsake 

diripio, diripere, diripui, dereptus (de -rapio) to plunder, ravage

foedo (1) to defile, make disguising; mangle 

haurio, haurire, hausi, haustus - drain, drink in 

iuvo, iuvare, iuvi - to help; to please (often used impersonally) 

lateo, latere, latui - to hide

obstipesco, obstipescere, obstipui - to be dazed, to stand agape

paro (1) to prepare

pareo, parere, parui - to obey

pario, parere, peperi, partus - to produce, give birth to; to gain, to acquire 

resisto, resistere, restiti - to resist, to stop + dative 

ruo, ruere - to fall, crash down; rush down 

sudo (1) to sweet

suscito (1) to stir, excite, arouse                                                             passim (adv.) 

ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum - to avenge

acies, aciei (f) edge; sight; battle line; army 

ala, -ae (f) wing

anmis, -is (m) river, stream

cinis, cineris (m) ashes

comes. comities (m or f) companion

conubium, -ii (n) marriage

copia, -ae (f) supply; resources 

culmen, culminis (n) summit, peak, top 

ensis, ensis (m) sword

imago, imaginis (f) likeness, ghost; mask

letum, -i (n) death 

saltus, -us (m) leap, a jumping 

sat or satis (n) indeclinable noun or adv. = enough or sufficiently 

species, specie (f) appearance; sight

solum, -i (n) ground, soil, earth 

passim (adv.) 

aequaevus, a, um - of equal age

cunctus, a, um - all 

defessus, a, um - exhausted, weary 

dulcis, dulce - sweet

foedus, a, um - foul, disgusting 

furtivus, a, um - secret, stolen (furtive) 

infestus, a, um - hostile, threatening 

maestus, a, um - sad, mournful 

pernix, pernicis - active, swift (pernicious) 

invisus, a, um - hated 

socius, a, um - allied 

saevus, a, um - fierce, harsh, stern

tacitus, a, um -silent 

tutus, a, um - safe, secure

adeo (adv.) to such an extent, so                                             passim (av.) 

numquam (adv.) never

nusquam (adv.) no where

passim (adv.) 

scilicet (adv.) of course

totiens (adv.) so often , so many times 

totidem (adv.) the same number as, so many 

undique (adv.) from all sides, on all sides 

Beginning of book II Vocabulary List, Aeneid 

a(d)spicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus - to see, behold, look at 

amplector, amplectī, amplexus sum - to embrace (amplexus - mating position of frogs)

attollo, attollere, sustuli, sublatus - raise up, lift

aveho, avehere, avexi, avectus - to carry away, convey

careo, carere, carui + ablative  - to lack, be free from

dignor, dignari, dignatus sum + ablative  - to deem worthy

everto, evertere, eversi, eversus - to over turn; destroy 

for, farī, fatus sum - to speak

excutio, excutere, excussī, excussus - to shake off

fugleo, fulgere - to shine, flash 

haurio, haurire, hausi, haustum - to drain, to drink in

haereo, haereo, haesi, haesum - to cling, to stick, to get stuck; be embarrassed

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to go forth, stride, walk majestically 

incumbo, incumbere, incubui + dative - to lean upon, hand over

includo, inculdere, inclusi, inclusus - to enclose, confine 

insto, instare - to press on, urge + dative

iuvo, iuvāre, iuvī - to please, to help (often used impersonally)

lambo (1) to lick 

lateo, latere, latui - to hide, to lurk (latent) 

ligo (1) to bind, fasten (ligament) 

lego, legere, lēgī, lectus - to pick, to choose 

macto (1) slaughter 

occido, occidere, occidi, occasus - to fall, to perish (occidental) 

occulto (1) to hide (occult) 

pario, parere, peperi, partus - to give birth, gain, acquire (postpartum) 

pareo, parēre, parui + dative - to obey

sinuo (1) fold, curve, twist (insinuate) 

statuo, statuere, statui, statutus - establish, set up 

sisto, sistere, steti, status - stand, stop, stay

sterno, sternere, stravi, stratus - to lay low; spread

suscito (1) to stir, to arouse

supero (1) to surmount, overcome

tegō, tegere, tēxī, tectus - to cover

tueor, tueri, tutus sum - to watch over; protect

ulcisor, uliciscī, ultus sum - to avenge   (Temple of Mars Ultor) 

aether, eris (m) upper air; heavens

ala, -ae (f) wings

amnis, -is (m) river 

anguis, -is (m) snake

artus, artūs (m) limb, joint, body

arx, arcis (f) citadel 

caterva, -ae (f) crowd, band

collum, -i (n) neck

collis, collis (m) hill 

conubium, -ii (n) marriage

culpa, -ae (f) fault, offense, blame

culmen, culminis (n) peak, summit, top; acme 

custos, custodis (m) guard 

dolus, -i (m) trick, fraud, deciet

dolor, doloris (m) grief; angry; pain 

ensis, -is (m) sword; knife

error, erroris (m) error; trick, deceit; a wandering

facies, faciei (m) face; appearance 

fictum, -i (n) falsehood

insania, -ae (f) madness, frenzy

gemitus, -ūs (m) groan, wailing 

latus, lateris (n) side, flank 

letum, -i (n) death

lignum, -i (n) wood

morsus, morsūs (m)  a bite, biting (morsel) 

nepos, nepotis (m) descendent (nepotism) 

pulvis, pulveris (m) dust 

quisquis, quidquid (indef. pronoun) whoever, whatever

robur, roburis (m) oak; strength 

rota, -ae (f) wheel 

sermo, sermonis (m) speech, conversation 

sol, solis (m) sun 

solum, -i (n) ground, soil, earth 

sors, sortis (f) lot, chance; fate, destiny 

uterus, -i (m) womb, belly

uterque, utraque, utrumque - each, both 

vitta, -ae (f) garland, fillet

aeger, aegra, aegrum - sick, weak; wounded 

agger, aggeris (m) mound, heap, bank

conscius, a, um - aware, privy to 

defessus, a, um - weary; exhausted 

extremus, a, um  - final, last, furthest 

incolumis, -e - safe, unharmed, uninjured 

invisus, a, um - hated; hateful 

laevus, a, um - left; stupid; ill-omened 

fetus, a, um - teeming with, pregnant with 

foedus, a, um - foul, disgusting, filthy 

furtivus, a, um - stolen, secret

pernix, pernicis (adj.) swift, active 

secundus, a, um - following, favorable 

tenax, tenacis (adj.) holding

tutus, a, um - safe

umidus, a, um - damp, dewy, wet

enim (adv.)  for, indeed, truly 

denique (adv.) finally, at last 

nusquam (adv.) nowhere; never

pariter (adv.) equally, alike 

passim (adv.) everywhere

pōne (adv.) behind, after

procul (adv.) at or from a distance 

totidem - the same number; so many

totiens - so often

Vocabulary List for Aeneid, Middle of Book One

Acestes, -ae (m) king of Sicily 

Aeolus, -i (m) Aeolus, King of Wind ( from Homer's Odyssey)

Dardanus, a, um = Trojan, of Dardanus, legendary king of Troy 

Latona, -ae (f) Leto, mother of Apollo and Diana

Ilium, Ilii (n) Illium = Trot as in Iliad = story of Ilium or Ilioupersis, destruction of Troy

Iulus, -i (m) son of Aeneas AKA Ascanius, hence the Gens Iulii.  

Poeni, -orum (m. pl.) Carthaginians, Phoenicians 

Teurcri- orum (m. p.) descendant of Teucer (Who the hell is Teucer?)

Tyrius, a, um - Tyrian or of Tyre, a Phoenician city in the Levant 

Hesperia, -ae (f) land in the west

Saturnius, a, um - of Saturn

adsurgo, adsurgere, adsurrexi, adsurrectus - to rise up, to stand up 

aspicio, aspicere, aspexi, aspectus - to look at, behold, look upon 

desisto, desistere, destiti - to leave off, desist 

cieo, ciere, civi, citus - rouse, stir 

defigo, defigere, defixi, defixus - fix, to fasten 

haereo, haereo, haesi, haesum - to cling, to stick, to get stuck; be embarrassed

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to go forth, stride, walk majestically 

insto, instare - to press on + dative

mollio (1) to soften

parco, parcere, peperci + dative = to spare, pardon 

populo (1) to devastate, 

stupeo, stupere, stupui - to stand fixed, to be dazed 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - take, use up, consume (also  adsumo) 

surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectus - to rise up, to stand up 

solvo, solvere, solvi, solutus - to loosen, set free; bring an end to 

veho, vehere, vexi, vectus - to convey, carry 

veto, vetere, vetui - to forbid, prevent

voluto (1) to roll over and over and over and over and over....

aequor, aequoris (n) sea

aes, aeris (n) bronze

anima, -ae (f) soul, spirit, ghost [breath , wind, air]. Transf., [the breath of life, vital principle, soul]; 'animam edere', [to give up the ghost]; poet., [life-blood]; meton., [a living being]; sometimes = animus, [rational soul].

animus, -i (m) [the spiritual or rational principle of life in man]. More specifically: (1) [the seat of feeling , the heart]; 'animi causa', [for pleasure]; loc. (or genit.) 'animi', [at heart]. (2) [character, disposition]; as a trait of character (esp. in plur.) [courage, spirit, vivacity]; also [pride, arrogance]. (3) [the seat of the will, intention]: 'habeo in animo', [I am resolved]. (4) [the seat of thought, intellect, mind, memory, consciousness].

antrum, -i (n) 

arx, arcis (f) citadel 

aurum, - (n) gold

auris, -is (f) ears         

aura, -ae (f) breeze 

caterva, -ae (f) crowd

caecus, a, um - blind

clarus, a, um - clear, bright; distinguished, noble 

cura, ae (f) care, worry, anxiety 

discrimen, discriminis (n) a dividing line; critical moment; crisis; hardship

foedus, foederis (n) treaty, contract 

foris, -is (f) door, gate 

harena, -ae (f) sand

inceptum, , -i (n) beginning, undertaking

iuvenis, -is (m) youth 

ius, iuris (n) law

mare, maris (n) sea

moles, molis (f) a mass; undertaking, burden 

mos, moris (m) custom 

metus, -us (m) fear

noxa, -ae (f) crime

officium, -ii (n) duty, kindness, favour

opus, operis (n) work, labour, task 

ora, -ae (f) shore

praeda, -ae (f) booty 

ramus, i (m) branch 

remus, -i (m) oar

sors, sortis (f) lot, chance; fate 

turbo, turbinis (m) storm; whirlwind 

vis, vis (f) force; in plural = strength 

acutus, a, um - sharp 

aetherius, a, um  - of the upper air, ethereal 

ater, atra, atrum - black 

avidus, a, um - eager 

barbarus, a, um - foreign, strange, uncivilized 

crudelis, -e  - cruel, bloody 

cunctus, a, um - all 

infelix, infelicis - unhappy, ill-fated, barren 

laetus, a, um - happy 

memor, memoris (adj.) mindful, remembering + genitive 

potens, potentis (adj.) powerful, ruling over + genitive 

subnixus, a, um + abl.   resting on 

tutus, a, um - safe

at, ast (adversative conj.) 

adhuc (adv.) to his point, till now

coram (adv.) openly, publicly, face to face

equidem - truly, indeed, certainly 

pariter (adv.) equally 

praeterea (adv.) here after, besides

quippe (adv.) of course, certain (tone?)

seu...seu  - whether...or

Be able to decline:  haec vis or illud mare or litus ipsum 

Anchises, -ae (m) acc. =Anchisen - Trojan Prince and father of Aeneas

Argi, -orum (m. pl.) Argos, city in Greece where Juno is worshipped 

Argivus, a, um - Argive, Greek 

Danaus, a, um - Danaan, Greek

Ganymēdēs, -is (m) Trojan boy and son of Laomedon, king of Troy

Lāvīnius, a, um - Lavinian, of Lavinium 

Parcae, -arum (f) Fates 

Teucrus, a, um - Teucrian, Trojan (Teucer was a king of Troy)

Troia, -ae (f) city of Troy or Ilium

Tyrius, a, um - Tyrian, of Tyre, a Phoenician city on the coast of the Levant

Saturnius, a, um - of Saturn 

Trōs, Trōis (m) Trojan

Words of Special Significance:

moles, molis (f) a mass, weight, burden 

pietas, pietatis (f) 

pius, a, um 

condo, condere, condidi, conditus

volvo, volvere, volui, volutus - to move in a curved course; to roll; to unroll; to undergo

vatēs, vatis (m) bard, prophet, singer; poet

accendo, accendere, accendi, accensus - to inflame; enrage 

adeo, adire, adiī, aditus - to approach, encounter 

ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus - to burn; be eager

arceo, arcere, arcui - keep off, defend, restrain 

cano, canere, cecinī, cantus - to sing

cerno, cernere, crevi, cretus - to discern, perceive 

doleo, dolere, dolui - to suffer, grieve, resent 

eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus - to snatch away

for, fari, fatus sum - to speak

foveo, fovere, fovi - to cherish, fondle 

fundo, fundere, fudi, fusus - to pour 

furo, furere, furui - to rage, rave, be frantic 

iacto (1) to toss, buffet 

impello, impellere, impulī, impulsus - to strike against, drive, force 

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to stride; go forth; walk 

labor, labi, lapsus sum - to slipe, to slide 

laedo, laedere, laesi, laesus - to hurt, strike, offend 

metuo, metuere, metui - to fear

patior, pati, passus sum - to suffer, endure; allow 

ruo, ruere, rui - fall; rush; sink

sino, sinere, sivi - to permit, allow

tendo, tendere, tetendi, tentus - to stretch

voluto (1) to turn over, roll

volvo, volvere, volui, volutus - to move in a curved course; to roll; to unroll; to undergo

aequor, aequoris (n) sea 

altum, -i (n) the deep, the sea

arx, arcis (f) citadel, fort; height

ara, ae (f) altar

arvum, -i (n) field 

aura, -ae (f) breeze, air

aurum, -i (n) gold

causa, -ae (f) cause, reason 

casus, -ūs (m) misfortune, chance

cura, -ae (f) care, anxiety, 

currus, -ūs (m) chariot

donum, -i (n) gift

fatum, -i (n) fate

fors, fortis (f) chance, fortune

fluctus, us (m) wave, tide, flood, sea

furia, -ae (f) rage, madness 

genus, generis (n) race; kind, origin, 

gens, gentis (f) clan, race, nation

litus, litoris (n) shore

moenia, -ium (n) walls

numen, numinis (n) divine authority, divinity

ora, -ae (f) shore 

pontus, -i (m) sea

portus, -us (m) port

porta, -ae (f) gate

progenies, progeniei (f) offspring 

pelagus, -i (n) sea

pectus, pectoris (n) chest; heart; soul 

relinquiae, ārum (fe. pl.) the leavings, remnants

sidus, sideris (n) star

socius, -i (m) ally, comrade, follower 

sanguis, -inis (m) blood

somnus, -i (m) sleep, slumber; dream 

turbo, turbinis (m) whirlwind 

vetus, veteris (adj.) old 

asper, aspera, asperum - rough, harsh 

ater, atra, atrum - dark, black, gloomy

caelestis, -e  (adj.) of the sky, heavenly

carus, a, um - dear

dives, divitis (adj.) rich 

fessus, a, um - tired, weary 

immanis, -e  - huge, monstrous, enormous 

insignis, -e  - marked, distinguished 

invīsus, a, um - hated 

infelix, infelicis (adj.) unfortunate, unhappy, accursed 

inferus, a, um - low, below, underneath

memor, memoris (adj.) mindful + genitive case

saevus, a, um - cruel, savage

enim - for, indeed, in truth 

insuper (adv.) above, besides 

lātē (adv.) widely, far and wide 

longe (adv.) far off

necdum (adv.) not yet

olim (adv.) once upon a time, once

praeterea (adv.) besides, hereafter

qua (adv.) where, in anyway

quippe - truly, indeed surely 

una (adv.) together, at the same time 

unde - from which, whence 

Final Caesar Vocabulary List - Book 6

1) Be able to decline:          carus vultus;  insigne munus;  hoc os;   nullum numen

2) Expect verb game on:     for, fari, fatus sum and colo, colere, colui, cultus

fertur = he, she, it is said

abdo, abdere, abdidi, abditus - to put away, hide, remove, secrete

cano, canere, cecini, cantus - to sing 

colo, colere, colui, cultus - to worship; to cultivate 

comprehendo, comprehendere, comprehendi - seize, grasp, arrest

condo, condere, condidi, conditus - to found, establish

confido, confidere, confisus sum (semi-transvestite) + dative  = to trust 

conspicor (1) to catch sight of; perceive 

contego, contegere, contexi, contextum - cover over

deficio, deficere, defeci, defectum - to give out, to fail 

dimico (1) to brandish weapon; contend 

excido, excidere - to fall from, perish 

fertur = he, she, it is said

for, fari, fatus sum - to speak

foveo, fovere -to keep warm; cherish, support

iacto (1) to toss, buffet

immolo (1) to sacrifice , immolate 

impello, impellere, impuli, impulsus - to drive, force, strike 

laedo, laedere, laesi, laesum - to hurt, injure; offend 

metuo, metuere, metui - fear, dread 

patior, pati, passus sum - to suffer, endure; to allow + acc. + inf. 

rego, regere, rexi, rectum - to rule, lead, direct 

servo, servare - to keep, preserve 

sino, sinere, sivi, situs - permit, allow 

versor (1) to be engaged in 

volvo, volvere, volvi, volutus - to wind, roll, twist

altum, -i (n) the deep; the sea 

aequor, aequoris (n) a flat level surface; the sea

arx, arcis (f) citadel 

causa, -ae (f) cause, reason; case                    

casus, -us (m) chance; misfortune, disaster

conspectus, -us (m) look, sight, view

currus, -us (m) chariot 

excidium, -ii (n) destruction, overthrow 

fama, -ae (f) rumour, story, report

furiae, -arum (f) madness, rage 

furtum, i (n) theft, robbery 

gens, gentil (f) race, clan

iniuria, -ae (f) injury, wrong

litus, litoris (n) shore 

moenia, -ium (n. pl.) walls 

moles, molis (f) mass, burden, difficulty 

morbus, -i (m) disease, sickness, illness

munus, muneris (n) service, duty; gift 

noxia, -ae (f) fault, offence, crime

numen, numinis (n) divine spirit, divine power

opinio, opinionis (f) opinion, thought, belief 

opus, operis (n) task, work; fortification; need 

ops, opis (f) help, resources, power, wealth 

ora, orae (f) shore

os, oris (n) mouth; face

os, ossis (n) bone

progenies, progeniei (f) offspring 

quisquam, quaequam, quidquam - anybody, anyone, anything

sanguis, sanguinis (m) blood; family, race 

sal, salis (n) salt 

vultus, -us (m) face; expression 

asper, aspera, asperum - harsh, rough, fierce 

caelestis, -e  - celestial, heavenly 

carus, a, um - dear + dative case

dives, divitis (adj.) wealthy, rich 

immanis, -e  - immense, enormous 

immitis, -e   - fierce, cruel 

insignis, -e  - distinguished, remarkable 

invisus,a, um - hated, hateful, odious 

memor, menoris (adj.) mindful, remembering + genitive case

saevus, a, um - cruel 

tot (indecl. adj.) so many

turpis, -e  - shameful, ugly, vile 

vetus, veteris (adj.) old 

vivus, a, um - living, alive

admodum (adv.) completely, just about

causā + preceding genitive = "for the sake of" 

clam (adv.) in secret

circum + acc.  = around 

dum (subord. conj.) + indicative = while 

dum (subord. conj.) + subjunctive = until 

enim - for, indeed, in truth 

magis (adv.) more, rather

necdum - not yet

nondum  - not yet 

ob + acc.  - on account of 

palam (adv.) openly, publicly

qua (adv.) where, in any way 

quoque (adv.) also 

fertur = he, she, it is said

List for Quiz on Monday, November 24. 

adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum - to obtain, get

adhaereo, adhaerere, adhaesi - to cling to, to stick to

audeo, audere, ausus sum - to dare 

cano, canere, cecini, cantus - to sing 

comperio, comperire, comperi, compertus - to find out; to discover 

concedo, concedere - to withdraw 

consisto, consistere, constiti - to stand (still), to stop

concido, concidere, concidi, concisum - to cut down 

constipo (1) to crowd together in, to stuff

confido, confidere, confisus sum (semi-deponent) - to believe, to trust, to rely on 

conficio, -ere - to exhaust; to finish 

insto, instare, institi - press on, take position 

irrumpo, irrumpere, irrupi, irruptus, a, um - burst in 

ligo (1) to tie, bind (ligament) 

moror, morari, moratus sum - to delay, linger

morior, mori, mortuus sum - to die

nascor, nasci, natus sum - to be born 

nitor, niti, nixus or nisus sum - to rely on (+abl. case); to struggle to + infinitive 

noceo, nocere, nocui, nocitus - to harm + dative case [often used impersonally  in Caesar: ipsi Titurio nihil nocitum iri = "that no harm will be done to Titurius himself"]

procedo, procedere, processi, processum - to proceed, to advance 

prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditus - to bring fourth; betray 

progredior, progredi, progessus sum - to advance 

subvenio, subvenire, subveni - come up to; aid, relieve 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - to take; spend 

tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus - raise; destroy 

soleo, solere, solitus sum - to be accustomed to + infinitive 

versor (1) to be engaged, move about; to live 

vereor, vereri, veritus sum - fear, be afraid

adventus, -us (m) arrival (advent)

aedes, aedis (f) building; temple 

aetas, aetatis (f) age, time of life

auctoritas, auctoritatis (f) influence, clout 

aer, aeris (m) air (useful for rebuilding ships) 

aes, aeris (n) bronze

balteus, -i (m) belt, baldric, girdle 

beneficium, -ii (n) kindness, favour, benefit 

caedes, caedis (f) murder, slaughter, killing

casus, -us (m) chance; misfortune, disaster 

certamen, certaminis (n) contest, conflict

cor, cordis (n) heart 

epistula, -ae (f) letter, missive

facinus, facinoris (n) deed; bad deed; crime 

fama, -ae (f) rumour, story, hearsay 

fas (n. indeclinable) right or just according to divine law (opposite is nefas). 

gratia, -ae (f) influence, favour; thanks

iniuria, -ae (f) wrong, injury, injustice 

ius, iuris (n) justice, law, right

liberi, - orum (m) children 

moles, molis (f) a mass, a weight 

morbus, -i (m) disease, sickness, illness

poena, -ae (f) punishment 

nutus, -us (m) a nod

numen, numinis (f) divine spirit; divinity 

obsidio, obsidionis (f) siege, blockade 

ratio, rationis (f) - a reckoning , account, consideration, calculation; 'rationem ducere', [to compute]; [any transaction, affair, business; a reason, motive, ground; a plan, scheme, system; reasonableness, method, order; a theory, doctrine, science; the reasoning faculty].

scutum, -i (n) shield 

turris, -is (f) tower (Italian torre)

vagina, -ae (f) sheath, scabbard 

vallum, -i (n) rampart, wall 

acer, acris, acre - sharp; fierce; bitter; eager (acrid) 

asper, aspera, asperum - rough, harsh, violent

confertus, a, um - crowded together 

creber, crebra, crebrum - crowded, frequent

cupidus, a, um - desirous, eager 

immanis, -e enormous, immense 

inferus, a, um - below, lower 

impeditus, a, um  -  hindered, impeded 

impius, a, um - impious, unholy 

incolumis -e [uninjured , safe and sound]

quidam, quaedam, quoddam (indefinite adj.)  a certain 

quinam, quaenam, quodnam - which, that

quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam - who?, what? 

repentinus, a, um - sudden

turpis, -e  - ugly, shameful, disgusting (turpitude) 

uter, utra, utrum - each of two, one of two 

vivus, a, um - living, alive 

admodum (adv.) completely, just about

aut...aut (conjunctions) either...or 

bis (adv.) twice 

deinceps (adv.) one after another, successively 

intus (adv.) within 

intra (prep.+ acc.) within, among 

confestim (adv.) immediately 

ne...quidem = not even

neve - or not, and not, nor 

nondum (adv.) not yet

pridie (adv.) on the day before, on the previous day. 

quidem - infact, indeed

quoque - and also, also 

rursus (adv.) again, back 

sicut - just as, so as 

extra (prep. + acc.) outside, beyond, outside of

List for Book Five First Part. 

Be able to decline:

hoc opus &  eadem fides 

adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum - get, obtain, reach 

ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus - to burn; to be eager 

cado, cadere, cecidi, casus - to fall 

cedo, cedere, cessi, cessus - to move, to withdraw 

cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctus - to surround 

coepi, coepisse, coeptum - to begin (defective verb) 

concito (1) to incite, stir, impel 

confiteor, confiteri, confessus sum - to admit, to reveal 

confido, confidere, confisus sum - to trust, believe 

conspicio, conspicere, conspexi, conspectus - to see, to behold 

consulo, consulere, consului, consultus - to consult, to consider

compleo, complere, complevi, completus - to fill 

debeo, debere, debui, debitus - to owe; ought

despero (1) to give up, to have not hope

disco, discere, didici - to learn, get to know 

excito (1) excite, inspire; raise 

excedo, excedere, excessi, excessus - to go out

impetro (1) to obtain, accomplish 

interpono, interponere, interposui - to introduce 

labor, labi, lapsus sum - to slipe, glide 

minuo, minuere, minui - to diminish 

munio, (4) to fortify 

nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum - to obtain, meet

nascor, nasci, natus sum - to be born 

nosco, noscere, novi, notus - to learn 

nego (1) to deny, to say ...not 

nitor, niti, nisus sum - to lean on; to rely on 

paro (1) to prepare

pareo, parere, parui - to obey + dative

pario, parere, peperi, partus - to produce, bear 

pendo, pendere, pependi, pensus - pay, weigh, to hang 

polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus sum - to promise, offer

probo (1) to approve, demonstrate

repello, repellere, repuli, repulsus - drive back, repulse 

tollo, tollere, subtuli, sublatus - raise; destroy 

vereor, vereri, veritus sum - to be afraid, fear

ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum - to avenge, take vengeance 

aditus, -us (m) approach, entrance 

auctoritas, auctoritatis (f) influence, clout 

centurio, centurionis (m) centurion 

circuitus, -us (m) circumference, circuit 

contumelia, -ae (f) insult, outrage; violence 

fames, famis (f) hunger

fama, -ae (f) story, rumor; reputation 

familiaris, -e  - of the family; close friend 

fides, fidei (f) faith, honor, trust 

fletus, -us (m) weeping 

hiems, hiemis (f) winter

hiberna, -orum (n. Pl.) winter-camp

inopia, -ae (f) poverty, want, need

ignis, -is (m) fire 

meritum, -i (n) service, favour

mos, moris (m) custom, habit, manner

negotium, -ii (n) business, a task 

opus, operis (n) work, toil; defenses 

opera, -ae (f) effort, attention 

praesidium, -ii (n) guard, protection 

pietas, pietatis (f) devotion/loyalty to family, state/nations and gods

ratio, rationis (f) an accounting, reasoning 

scala, -ae (f) ladder, stairs 

sententia, -ae (f) opinion, purpose 

sermo, sermonis (m) conversation, speech 

studium, -ii (n) eagerness, zeal 

stipendium, -i (n) pay; military service 

voluntas, voluntatis (f) wish, will, choice 

vulgus, -i (n) mass, mob

aeger, aegra, aegrum - sick, weak 

alacer, alacris, alacere - eager, spirited 

amplus, a, um - ample, full, spacious 

confertus, a, um - crowded together 

humilis, -e  - on the ground; humble, low

incommodus, a, um - unfortunate, disastrous 

incolumis, -e  - uninjured, safe

indignus, a, um + ablative  = unworthy, undeserving 

idoneus, a, um - suitable, appropriate + dative case

levis, -e - light

par, paris - equal, similar 

repentinus, a, um - sudden, unexpected 

saucius, a, -um - wounded 

adeo, (av.) to such an extent 

apud + acc. = in the presence of, with, among

confestim (adv.) immediately 

eiusmodi - of this kind, of such a kind, so 

intra + acc.   = within 

inter + acc  = between, among 

procul (adv.) far off, at a distance

quotiens - as often as

quoniam - since 

nondum (adv.) not yet

paene (adv.) almost 

rursus (adv.) again, backward

sive…sive or seu…seu - whether, or 

tametsi - even if, although 

unde - whence, from where

vero - in truth, in fact

Phrases or Idioms:

Res est testimonio - “the matter is for (the purpose of) evidence”

de summis rebus - “concerning the most serious circumstances”

in ipso negotio: 'in the midst of action'.

Fourth Vocabulary List for Super Caesar (End of Book Four and Beginning of Five)

Be able to decline: acris acies  or  opus totum  (not bonus)            

adflicto (1) damage, agitate, knock about

cogo, cogere, coegi, coactus - to compel 

colloco (1) to place together, gather together 

colloquor, colloqui, collocutus sum - to converse, speak together 

confido, confidere, confisus sum - to trust, to believe 

deficio, deficere, defeci, defectus - to fail, give out

expello, expellere, expulsi, explusus - to drive out

hiemo, hiemare - to winter, spend the winter

insinuo (1) to insinuate, wind a way in 

incendo, incendere, incendi, incensus - to set on fire

libero (1) to free, liberate

moror, morari, moratus sum - to delay

morior, mori, mortuus sum - to die 

munio (4) to fortify, build 

nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum - to obtain, meet

nascor, nasci, natus sum - to be born 

nosco, noscere, novi, notus - to learn 

occido, occidere, occidi, occisus - to kill, to cut down 

oppugno (1) to assault, attack 

orior, oriri, ortus sum - to rise up (adorior = to attack, rise against)

pendo, pendere, pependi, pensus - to hang, to pay, weigh 

perturbo (1) to thrown into confusion 

praeficio, praeficere, praefeci, praefectus - to set (acc.) over (dative); to put (acc.) in charge of (dat.)

praesum, praeesse, praefui - to be in charge of; preside over + dative case

proelior, -ari (1) to give battle

polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus sum - to promise 

reficio, reficere, refeci, refectus - to remake, repair 

suspicor, suspicari, suspicatus sum - to suspect, suppose

succedo, succedere, successi, successus - to go up, approach 

acies, aciei (f) sharp edge, battle line, army; sight 

aes, aeris (n) bronze

aer, aeris (m) air 

acer, acris, acre - sharp, fierce, eager, bitter 

commeatus, -us (m) coming and going, free passage; supply; convoy, trip, traffic 

cursus, -us (m) course; a running, haste

hiems, hiemis (f) winter

hiberna, -orum (n. Pl.) winter-camp

inopia, -ae (f) poverty, want, need

iugum, -i (n) yoke; mountain range

modus, -i (n) measure, manner, form 

navis, navis (f) ship (navium gen. pl)

paucitas, paucitatis (f) scarcity, fewness (noun of pauci, paucae, pauca - few)

pars, partis (f) part; side, direction 

porta, -ae (f) gate

portus, -us (m) port

praesidium, -ii (n) guard, protection 

reditus, -us (m) return 

rota, -ae (f) wheel 

strepitus, -us (m) creaking, rustling 

aeger, aegra, aegrum - sick, weak, weary 

alienus, a, um - of another, foreign; belong to another = unfavorable 

angustus, a, um - narrow, confined 

citus, a, um - swift 

commodus, a, um - convenient, suitable 

confertus, a, um - crowded together 

expeditus, a, um - fast; speedy; expeditious 

incertus, a, um - disordered, unclear, unreliable 

inimicus, a, um - hostile + dative 

pacatus, a, um - peaceful, quiet, pacified 

aliter (adv.) otherwise

diu (adv.) for a long time 

clam (adv.) secretly 

palam (adv.) openly, publicly 

plerumque (adv.) mostly, for the most part; very often

confestim (adv.) with all haste 

cotidie (adv.) daily, every day

late (adv.) widely 

nondum (adv.) not yet

praeter + acc. = beyond

postea (adv.) afterward 

quoad - until, as far as, as long as 

rursus (adv.) again

huc (adv.) to his place

ultra (prep. + acc.) beyond, on the farther side

ultro (adv.) to or on the farther side; beyond; voluntarily 

Phrases and Idioms

in perpetuum - forever 

se receperunt - they retreated

longe lateque - far and wide

eodem die - on the same day 

subductis navibus - ships drawn up 

magna manu - with a large group of men 

summo loco - in the highest position 

List for 3rd Caesar Quiz - Words from Book 1 and 4.  

Quiz in one week. Let me know what day is best for overworked Rabbits. 

Please email if you find a typo - extra credit. 

As part of this vocabulary quiz be able to decline: mos omnibus and opus totum

amitto, amittere, amisi, amissum - to lose

coepi, coepisse, coeptum - to begin (defective verb, lack present system)

concedo, concedere, concessi - go away, with draw; yield 

confido, confidere, confisus sum (semi-dep. rabbit) to trust, believe, rely on

cohortor (1) to urge on, incite

compleo, complere, complevi, completus - to fill, fill up

cunctor (1) to delay, hesitate 

deduco, deducere, deduxi, deductum - to draw away, lead down

deligo (1) to tie down, fasten

desilio, desilire, desilui - to leap down, jump down

emitto, emittere, emisi, emissum - to send out

hiemo, hiemare (1) to winter, spend the winter

impero (1) to command + dative case

impetro (1) to accomplish, obtain 

ignosco, ignoscere, ignovi - to pardon, to forgive + dative case

insisto, insistere, institi - to set foot on, stop, halt; pursue + dative case

iungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctus - to join

maturo (1) to ripen; to hasten 

moror, morari, moratus sum - to delay, linger

morior, mori, mortuus sum - to die

nuntio (1) to announce

occido, occidere, occidi, occisus (transitive verb) -  to kill, cut down

oportet, oportere, oportuit (impersonal verb) it is necessary + acc. + inf. or ut + subjunctive

oro (1) to beg, plead, implore 

pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsus - to drive, push 

puto (1) to think

revertor, reverti, reversus sum - to turn back; return 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - to take, spend

suspicior, suspiciari, suspiciatus sum - to suspect

tempero (1) keep from; refrain from 

tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus - destroy, raise 

aes, aeris (n) bronze (not “air”, Lucy)

casus, us (m) a falling, event; misfortune, crisis

citus, a, um - swift, quick 

essedum, i (n) war-chariot (used by the Britions) 

fluctus, us (m) wave

hiems, hiemis (f) winter

inopia, -ae (f) poverty, want; need 

iter, itineris (n) path, route, journey;  facere iter = to march 

iugum, -i (n) yoke

latus, lateris (n) side, flank

litus, litoris (n) shore

mos, moris (m) custom, manner

mors, mortis (f) death 

opera, -ae (f) effort, attention, service, hard work 

ops, opis (f) power, support ; in plural - resources; wealth, influence

opus, operis (n) work, task; fortification 

pedes, peditis (m) foot soldier; on foot

pulvis, pulveris (m) dust

praeda, -ae (f) booty, plunder 

ramus, -i (m) brach of a tree

remus, -i (m) oar of ship

rota, -ae (f) wheel 

spatium, -ii (n) space, interval of time

usus, -us (m) use, need, purpose (usui is a common dative of purpose) 

vis, vis (f) force; in plural = strength

angustus, a, um - narrow

amplus, a, um - ample, full, spacious 

impertius, a, um - unskilled + gen. case

expeditus, a, um - fast, unimpeded

repentinus, a, um - sudden, unexpected 

totus, a, um - whole, entire (ius paradigm)

ulterior, ulterius - farther 

ullus, a, um (ius paradigm) any

uter, utra, utrum?  (ius paradigm) interrogative adjective = "which (of two)?"

adeo (adv.) to such an extent 

aliter (adv.) otherwise 

clam (adv.) secretly 

cotidie (adv.) daily

deinde - then, next

dum + indicative = while

dum + subjunctive = until 

eiusmodi - of this kind, such m 

etsi (subordinate conj.) although

fere (adv.) almost, nearly 

interea - meanwhile 

inde - from there, then, afterwards 

modo (adv.) only, merely, just now

nondum (adv.) not yet

nuper (adv.) recently 

omnino (adv.) whole, entirely 

praesto (adv.) present, at hand

praesertim (adv.) especially

palam (adv.) openly, publicly 

paulatim (adv.) little by little

paulo - a little, by a little

plus (adv.) more

praeter + acc.  beyond

quoad (subordinate conjunction) until, as far as, as long as

rursus (adv.) again 

tandem (adv.) finally, at last 

vel...vel - either...or

vix (adv.) scarcely, barely, hardly

idioms and phrases:

est mihi in animo = I have in mind + infinitive

facere iter = to march

maximus, a, um quam potest - the greatest possible 

Caesar factus est certior + acc. + inf. (indirect statement) = "Caesar became more certain that..."

List for 2nd Vocabulary Quiz - "Them's Fighten' Words" or Words of a Martial Nature.

conicio, conicere, conieci, coniectus - to hurl, to throw

consuesco, consuescere, consuevi, consuetus - to be accustomed (to)+ infinitive

cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognotus - to learn, come to know (in the perfect = know). 

contendo, contendere, contendi, contentus - to struggle, vie, fight 

dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditus - to give up, surrender 

desum, deesse, defui - to be lacking; to fail + dative case

expugno (1) to take by storm, capture

existimo (1) to judge, consider, think 

efficio, efficere, effeci, effectus - to do, effect  (often used impersonally + ut + subjunctive = “it happened that.....”

gero, gerere, gessi, gestum - to wage, conduct, accomplish; wear

incolo, incolere - to dwell 

incito (1) to drive forward, incite 

munio (4) to fortify 

nasciscor, nascisci, nactus sum - to find, to obtain

probo (1) approve, commend

praecedo, praecedere, praecessi - to go before, excel 

procedo, procedere, processi, processus - to advance, go forward 

proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum - to set out  

subvenio, subvenire, subveni, subventum - to come to the aid of + dative

acies, aciei (f) battle line

agmen, agminis (n) marching line (novissimum agmen = rear of the  line)

auxilium, -ii (n) help 

castra, -arum (n) camp

cohors, cohortis (f) cohort

cornu, -us (n) wing (of an army); horn 

copiae, -arum (f) troops

equites, equitum (m. pl.) cavalry

equitatus, -us (m) cavalry 

eruptio, eruptionis (f) a breaking out

exercitus, -us (m) army

fossa, -ae (f) ditch 

frumentum, -i (n) grain, (in plural = crops)

gladius, -ii (m) sword

impedimentum, -i (n) impediment, obstacle, (in plural = baggage train)

impetus, -us (m) attack 

latus, lateris (n) side; flank

legatus, -i (m) envoy; lieutenant 

legio, legionis (f) legion 

manus, -us (f) hand; band or group of soldiers

miles, militis (m) soldier

munitio, munitionis (f) fortification 

murus, -i (m) wall 

obsidio, obsidionis (f) siege, blockade 

pars, partis (f) part, side; direction 

passus, -us (m) step, pace

pilum, i (n) javelin 

praesidium, -ii (n) guard

proelium, -ii (n)  battle

profectio, profectionis (f) departure, setting out 

salus, salutis (f) safety, salvation 

scutum, -i (n) shield 

subsidium, -ii (n) help, reinforcement, support

telum, -i (n) weapon; spear 

turris, turris, turrium (f) tower

usus, -us (m) use (of used as a dative of purpose by Caesar)

vigilia, -ae (f) watch (military)

vallum, -i (n) rampart; wall 

virtus, virtutis (f) courage, valour 

expeditus, a, um  - lightly armed 

fortis, forte (adj.) brave, strong

paratus, a, um - prepared

reliquus, a, um - remaining, the rest

tardus, a, um - slow 

ne...quidem = not even (surrounds the word that it emphasizes) 

qua (relative) where

fere (adv.) nearly, almost

plerumque (adv.) generally, usually; often

praeterea (adv.) besides, moreover

procul (adv.) at a distance, far away

prope (adv.) near

propterea quod - because, on account of the fact that

Vocabulary List for Quiz on  Wednesday, September 3, 2014  

accido, accidere, accidi - to happen (often + ut + subjunctive) = it happened that ......

arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum - to judge, to think 

conficio, conficere, confeci, confectus - to complete, finish

consisto, consistere, constiti - to take up position; to place oneself; stop; stand firm 

consto, constare, constiti, constatum - to stand together; to be established; often used impersonally -  constat or constabat    =   it is agreed 

constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum - to set up, place, establish; to decide, to arrange 

consuesco, consuescere, consuevi, consuetus - to be accustomed (to)+ infinitive

cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognotus - to learn, come to know (in the perfect = know). 

desum, deesse, defui - to be lacking; to fail + dative case

efficio, efficere, effeci, effectus - to do, effect  (often used impersonally + ut + subjunctive = “it happened that.....”

nasciscor, nascisci, nactus sum - to find, to obtain 

persuadeo, persuadere, persuasi, persuasum + dative   - to persuade

praesto, praestare, praestiti, praestatus - to perform 

praesum, praeesse, praefui + dative  - to be in command of

procedo, procedere, processi, processurus - to go forward, advance

pronuntio, prountiare, pronuniavi, pronuntiatus - to announce, make known

subsequor, subsequi, subsecutus sum - to follow closely

versor, versari, versatus sum - to be involved in, to be engaged in

animus, -i (m) mind, spirit; (in plural = courage)

consuetudo, consuetudinis (f) custum, habit

consilium, -ii (n) plan, counsel 

copia, -ae (f) abundance; troops, forces; supplies

casus, -us (m) misfortune disater

casu (adv.) by change, accidentally 

facultas, facultatis (f) opportunity, power, skill, ability 

finis, -is (m or f) end, limit, boundary (in plural = borders, territory)

finitimi, -orum (m. pl.) neighboring tribe or people

imperium, -i (n) command, power

initium, -i (n) beginning; entrance

iter, itineris (n) journey, path, route, road (facere iter = to march)

navis, -is (f) ship (navium gen. pl.)

obses, obsidis (m/f) hostage

opera, -ae (f) effort, trouble

opus, operis (n) work; building; fortification 

passus, -us (m) step, pace

salus, salutis (f) safety 

tergum, -i (n) back 

usus, us (m) use, exercise,  practice, application 

nonnullus, a, um - some, (lit. not none)  -ius paradigm 

relinquus, a, um - the remaining, the rest

totus, a, um (-ius paradigm) whole, entire

tutus, a, um - safe

uterque, utraque, utrumque (-ius paradigm utriusque in gen.)  each (of two)

fere (adv.) nearly, almost

plerumque (adv.) generally, usually; often

praeterea (adv.) besides, moreover

procul (adv.) at a distance, far away

prope (adv.) near

propter (prep. +acc.) on account of, because of

quisque, quidque (indef. pronoun) each one, each person, each thing

ne...quidem = not even   

quidem, indeed, certainly, at any rate

uti = ut (subordinating conj.)

First Quiz- Stop Here

End of Aeneid Book IV and the Beginning of Book VI - Dido and Aeneas Go Down. 

fas est + acc. + infinitive

nefas est + acc. + infinitive

Acheron, Acherontis (m) River of Hades

Lacus Avernus - Lake near Cumae and entrance to Underworlld

Charon, Charontis (m) Charon, ferryman of souls across the river Styx 

Cocytus, -i (m) river in the underworld 

Dis, Ditis (m) Pluto, Hades, god of underworld 

Hecate - Infernal version of Diana

Proserpina, -ae (f) Peresphone 

Iris, Iridis (f) Iris, messenger of Juno and goddess of the rainbow

Theseus - Athenian Hero who preforms a katabasis with Pirithous to steal the queen of the underworld, Proserpina 

Alcides - decedent of Alceus and patronymic for Hercules, who steals Cerberus in his databases

abluo, abluere, ablui, ablutus - to wash (off)

adnitor, adniti, adnisus sum - to lean on; struggle 

aestuo (1) boil, seethe, rage

arceo, acrere, arcui - to keep off, defend 

bacchor (1) to rave, rush wildly

cado, cadere, cecidi, casus - to fall 

concutio, concutere, concussi, concussus - to shake, shatter

deficio, deficere, defeci, defectus - to fail, to faint 

defungor, defungi, defunctus, a, um - perform, finish + ablative case

fremo, fremere, fremui- roar, grown 

iaceo, iacere, iacui - to lie 

iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus - to please, to help (often used impersonally) 

haurio, haurire, hausi, haustus - to drain, drink in 

gigno, gignere, genui, genitus, a, um - to produce, to give birth to (pass. "born from"  + abl.) 

glomero (1) to gather, collect

miseror, miserari, miseratus sum - to pity

oro (1) to plead, to beg, to beseech, to pray 

seco, secare, secui, sectus - to cut, cleave, slice

spargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsus - to scatter, sprinkled 

sperno, spernere, sprevi, spretus - scorn, reject

verro, verrere, verri, versus - to sweep (over) 

amnis, -is (m) river 

amictus, -us (m) cloak, robe 

calor, caloris (m) heat, warmth

canities, canitiei (f) 

crinis, crinis (m) hair

crudus, a, um - raw, fresh; bloody 

folium, -i (n) leaf 

gemitus, -us (m) roar, groan, lament

harena, -ae (f) sand, beach 

halitus, -us (m) breath

heros, herois (m) hero, great warrior

lacus, -us (m) lake

mentum, -i (n) chin

omen, ominis (n) omen

palus, paludis (f) swamp, marsh 

ripa, -ae (f) bank

senectus, senectutis (f) old age 

sinus, -us (m) fold, boson, bay, hollow, indentation 

sors, sortis (f) lot, chance, oracle 

torus, -i (m) couch, bed

tumultus, -us (m) tumult, uprising, clamor 

vadum, -i (n) shallow, shoal 

vates, vatis (m) prophet, bard, singer

exsanguis, -e bloodless, lifeless, pale 

examinis, -e - breathless, 

extremus, a, um - final, last, extreme (Dido ferro Aeneae extrema secuta est - She killed herself). 

incolumis, -e  - unharmed, safe 

incultus, a, um - wild, unkempt 

iniquus, a, um - unfair, unjust, hostile 

inhumatus, a, um - unburied 

inops, inopis (adv.) needy, destitute, bereft of

lividus, a, um - blue, dark 

satus, a, um - born from + abl.

sordidus, a, um - dirty, squalid 

trepidus, a, um - agitated, trembling

aliter (adv.) otherwise

demum (adv.) at length, finally

enim - for, indeed, truly 

iuxta + acc. case = next to , close to 

inde  (adv.) thence, thereupon, afterward 

quia - because

totiens - so often

totidem - the same number

una (adv.) together, at the same time

List One for Aeneid Book Four: Aeneas and Dido Go Spelunking

Be able to decline:   haec species or totum foedus

Elissa, ae (f) Phoenician name of Dido

Thyias, Thyiadis (f) cultic following of Dionysus 

ambio, ambire, ambivi, ambitus - to go around in search of support

excio, excire, excivi, excitus - to - to excite, rouse, stir up

foveo, fovere, fovi - to keep warm, cherish 

fraudo (1) to deprive of, to cheat out of + ablative case

fundo (1) to lay a foundation; to found

fulgeo, fulgere, fulsi - to flash; to shine bright

mando (1) to entrust; to order

meditor meditari, meditatus sum - to ponder; plan; contemplate 

misereor, misereri + genitive case = to pity

piget, pigere, piguit (impersonal verb + acc. + inf.) it displeases, its causes regret 

propero (1) to hurry, to hasten 

potior, potiri, potitus sum (+ abl. or gen.) to take possession of  

rapio, rapere, rapui, raptus - to snatch, seize  (Aeneas rapto potitur).

rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptus - to break, to burst 

saevio, saevire - to rage, to be cruel 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - to take

surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectus - to rise  

umeo, umere - to be wet

aequor, aequoris (n) sea

arx, arcis (f) citadel 

artus, -us (m) limbs

aspectus, -us (m) sight, vision 

coniugium, i (n) marriage

conubium -i (n) marriage

dolus, -i (m) trick, deception 

foedus, foederis (n) treaty, contract 

funus, funeris (n) funeral, death 

laena, -ae (f) cloak

metus, -us (m) fear

monitus, -us (m) warning, admonition 

orgia, -orum (n. pl.) secret rites, mysteries 

otium, -ii (n) leisure, time of leisure 

planta, -ae (f) sole of foot; foot

sidus, sideris (n) star

sors, sortis (f) lot, fortune, fate, chance 

species, speciei (f) appearance 

spons, spontis (f) will, volition 

alienus, a, um - foreign, alien

furtivus, a, um - secret, furtive

hibernus, a, um - winter, of the winter

incolumis, -e   - uninjured, safe

inops, inopis (adj.) lacking in wealth; devoid of + genitive case

mollis, -e  soft; kind 

perfidus, a, um - treacherous, false; deceitful 

potior, potius (comp. adj.) more powerful; stronger 

tutus, a, um - safe

undosus, a, um - abounding in waves, stormy 

uxorius, a, um - under a wife’s control 

velox, velocis (adj.) swift

continuo (adv.) immediately, at once

ocius (adv.) quickly, speedily 

omnino (adv.) 

pro re (legal idiom) - for my own case

tandem (adv.) at last, finally

ultro (adv.) beyond, from the other side, in reply 

Aeneid Vocabulary List for End of Book II

Be able to decline:     ea imago        haec acies        idem ensis

Dardanius, a, um - Trojan

Danaus,a , um - Greek

Tyndaris, Tyndaridis (f) daughter of Tyndarus = patronymic for Helen of Sparta   

What is the myth here? 

Erinys, Eyrinos (f) a Fury, Curse 

Ilias, Iliadis (f) Trojan Woman 

Iulus, -i (m) = Ascanius, son of Aeneas 

Mycenae. -arum (f. pl.) Mycenae, Greek homeland of Agamemnon 

Pergama, -orum (n. pl.) citadel of Troy

Vesta, -ae (f) goddess of the hearth

passim (adv.) 

abdo, abdere, abdidi, abditus - to hide, bury 

cado, cadere, cecidi, casus - to fall 

caligo (1) to be dark, darken 

comitor, comitari, comitatus sum - to accompany, to follow 

culpo (1) to blame 

desero, deserere, deserui, desertus - to desert, forsake 

diripio, diripere, diripui, dereptus (de -rapio) to plunder, ravage

foedo (1) to defile, make disguising; mangle 

haurio, haurire, hausi, haustus - drain, drink in 

iuvo, iuvare, iuvi - to help; to please (often used impersonally) 

lateo, latere, latui - to hide

obstipesco, obstipescere, obstipui - to be dazed, to stand agape

paro (1) to prepare

pareo, parere, parui - to obey

pario, parere, peperi, partus - to produce, give birth to; to gain, to acquire 

resisto, resistere, restiti - to resist, to stop + dative 

ruo, ruere - to fall, crash down; rush down 

sudo (1) to sweet

suscito (1) to stir, excite, arouse                                                             passim (adv.) 

ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum - to avenge

acies, aciei (f) edge; sight; battle line; army 

ala, -ae (f) wing

anmis, -is (m) river, stream

cinis, cineris (m) ashes

comes. comities (m or f) companion

conubium, -ii (n) marriage

copia, -ae (f) supply; resources 

culmen, culminis (n) summit, peak, top 

ensis, ensis (m) sword

imago, imaginis (f) likeness, ghost; mask

letum, -i (n) death 

saltus, -us (m) leap, a jumping 

sat or satis (n) indeclinable noun or adv. = enough or sufficiently 

species, specie (f) appearance; sight

solum, -i (n) ground, soil, earth 

passim (adv.) 

aequaevus, a, um - of equal age

cunctus, a, um - all 

defessus, a, um - exhausted, weary 

dulcis, dulce - sweet

foedus, a, um - foul, disgusting 

furtivus, a, um - secret, stolen (furtive) 

infestus, a, um - hostile, threatening 

maestus, a, um - sad, mournful 

pernix, pernicis - active, swift (pernicious) 

invisus, a, um - hated 

socius, a, um - allied 

saevus, a, um - fierce, harsh, stern

tacitus, a, um -silent 

tutus, a, um - safe, secure

adeo (adv.) to such an extent, so                                             passim (av.) 

numquam (adv.) never

nusquam (adv.) no where

passim (adv.) 

scilicet (adv.) of course

totiens (adv.) so often , so many times 

totidem (adv.) the same number as, so many 

undique (adv.) from all sides, on all sides 

Beginning of Book II - Quiz on Monday, February 24, 2014

a(d)spicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus - to see, behold, look at 

attollo, attollere - raise up, lift

aveho, avehere, avexi, avectus - to carry away, convey

careo, carere, carui + abl.  - to lack, be free from

dignor, dignari, dignatus sum + abl.   - to deem worthy

everto, evertere, eversi, eversus - to over turn; destroy 

fugleo, fulgere - to shine, flash 

haurio, haurire, hausi, haustum - to drain, to drink in

haereo, haereo, haesi, haesum - to cling, to stick, to get stuck; be embarrassed

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to go forth, stride, walk majestically 

insto, instare - to press on, urge + dative

iuvo, iuvare, iuvi - to please, to help (often used impersonally) 

lateo, latere, latui - to hide, to lurk (latent) 

occido, occidere, occidi, occasus - to fall, to perish 

occulto (1) to hide (occult) 

pario, parere, peperi, partus - to give birth, gain, acquire

relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictus - to abandon, leave behind

statuo, statuere, statui, statutus - establish, set up 

sisto, sistere, steti, status - stand, stop, stay

sterno, sternere, stravi, stratus - to lay low; spread; strew 

suscito (1) to stir, to arouse 

tueor, tueri, tutus sum - to watch over; protect

ulcisor, ulicisci, ultus sum - to avenge   (Temple of Mars Ultor) 

aether, eris (m) upper air; heavens

ala, -ae (f) wings

amnis, -is (m) river 

anguis, -is (m) snake

caterva, -ae (f) crowd, band 

conubium, -ii (n) marriage

culpa, -ae (f) fault, offense, blame

culmen, culminis (n) peak, summit, top; acme 

custos, custodis (m) guard 

dolus, -i (m) trick, fraud, deciet

dolor, doloris (m) grief; angry; pain 

ensis, -is (m) sword; knife

error, erroris (m) error; trick, deceit; a wandering

facies, faciei (m) face; appearance 

fictum, -i (n) falsehood

insania, -ae (f) madness, frenzy

letum, -i (n) death

nepos, nepotis (m) descendent 

pulvis, pulveris (m) dust 

robur, roburis (m) oak; strength 

rota, -ae (f) wheel 

sermo, sermonis (m) speech, conversation 

sinus, -us (m) fold, bay, indentation 

solum, -i (n) ground, soil, earth 

uterus, -i (m) womb, belly

vitta, -ae (f) garland, fillet

vulnus, vulneris (n) wound

vultus, -us (m) face, facial expression 

aeger, aegra, aegrum - sick, weak

conscius, a, um - aware, privy to 

defessus, a, um - weary; exhausted 

extremus, a, um  - final, last, furthest 

incolumis, -e - safe, unharmed, uninjured 

invisus, a, um - hated; hateful 

laevus, a, um - left; stupid 

fetus, a, um - teeming with, pregnant with 

foedus, a, um - foul, disgusting, filthy 

furtivus, a, um - stolen, secret

pernix, pernicis (adj.) swift, active 

secundus, a, um - following, favorable 

tenax, tenacis (adj.) holding

tutus, a, um - safe

umidus, a, um - damp, dewy, wet

enim (adv.)  for, indeed, truly 

denique (adv.) finally, at last 

nusquam (adv.) nowhere; never

pariter (adv.) equally, alike 

passim (adv.) everywhere

totidem - the same number; so many

totiens - so often

Vocabulary List for Aeneid 1.494-578

Acestes, -ae (m) king of Sicily 

Dardanus, a, um = Trojan, of Dardanus, legendary king of Troy 

Latona, -ae (f) Leto, mother of Apollo and Diana

Iulus, -i (m) son of Aeneas AKA Ascanius, hence the Gens Iulii.  

Poeni, -orum (m. pl.) Carthaginians, Phoenicians 

Tyrius, a, um - Tyrian or of Tyre, a Phoenician city in the Levant 

Hesperia, -ae (f) land in the west

Saturnius, a, um - of Saturn

adsurgo, adsurgere, adsurrexi, adsurrectus - to rise up, to stand up 

aspicio, aspicere, aspexi, aspectus - to look at, behold, look upon 

cieo, ciere, civi, citus - rouse, stir 

defigo, defigere, defixi, defixus - fix, to fasten 

haereo, haereo, haesi, haesum - to cling, to stick, to get stuck; be embarrassed

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to go forth, stride, walk majestically 

insto, instare - to press on + dative

parco, parcere, peperci + dative = to spare, pardon 

populo (1) to devastate, 

stupeo, stupere, stupui - to stand fixed, to be dazed 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - take, use up, consume (also  adsumo) 

surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectus - to rise up, to stand up 

solvo, solvere, solvi, solutus - to loosen, set free; bring an end to 

veho, vehere, vexi, vectus - to convey, carry 

veto, vetere, vetui - to forbid, prevent

aequor, aequoris (n) sea

anima, -ae (f) soul, spirit, ghost [breath , wind, air]. Transf., [the breath of life, vital principle, soul]; 'animam edere', [to give up the ghost]; poet., [life-blood]; meton., [a living being]; sometimes = animus, [rational soul].

animus, -i (m) [the spiritual or rational principle of life in man]. More specifically: (1) [the seat of feeling , the heart]; 'animi causa', [for pleasure]; loc. (or genit.) 'animi', [at heart]. (2) [character, disposition]; as a trait of character (esp. in plur.) [courage, spirit, vivacity]; also [pride, arrogance]. (3) [the seat of the will, intention]: 'habeo in animo', [I am resolved]. (4) [the seat of thought, intellect, mind, memory, consciousness].

antrum, -i (n) 

aurum, - (n) gold

auris, -is (f) ears         

aura, -ae (f) breeze 

caterva, -ae (f) crowd

caecus, a, um - blind

clarus, a, um - clear, bright; distinguished, noble 

cura, ae (f) care, worry, anxiety 

discrimen, discriminis (n) a dividing line; critical moment; crisis; hardship

foris, -is (f) door, gate 

harena, -ae (f) sand

iuvenis, -is (m) youth 

ius, iuris (n) law

mare, maris (n) sea

moles, molis (f) a mass; undertaking, burden 

mos, moris (m) custom 

metus, -us (m) fear

officium, -ii (n) duty, kindness, favour

opus, operis (n) work, labour, task 

ora, -ae (f) shore

praeda, -ae (f) booty 

ramus, i (m) branch 

remus, -i (m) oar

sors, sortis (f) lot, chance; fate 

turbo, turbinis (m) storm; whirlwind 

vis, vis (f) force; in plural = strength 

aetherius, a, um  - of the upper air, ethereal 

ater, atra, atrum - black 

avidus, a, um - eager 

barbarus, a, um - foreign, strange, uncivilized 

crudelis, -e  - cruel, bloody 

cunctus, a, um - all 

infelix, infelicis - unhappy, ill-fated, barren 

laetus, a, um - happy 

memor, memoris (adj.) mindful, remembering + genitive 

potens, potentis (adj.) powerful, ruling over + genitive 

subnixus, a, um + abl.   resting on 

tutus, a, um - safe

at, ast (adversative conj.) 

adhuc (adv.) to his point, till now

coram (adv.) openly, publicly, face to face

equidem - truly, indeed, certainly 

pariter (adv.) equally 

seu...seu  - whether...or

Vocabulary List One for Vergil:

Albanus, a, um - of Alba Longa (city founded by Ascanius south of Rome)

Anchises, -ae (m) acc. =Anchisen - Trojan Prince and father of Aeneas

Argivus, a, um - Argive, Greek 

Danaus, a, um - Danaan, Greek

Parcae, -arum (f) Fates 

Saturnia, -ae (f) daughter of Saturn = 

Teucrus, a, um - Teucrian, Trojan 

Troia, -ae (f) city of Troy or Ilium

Tyrius, a, um - Tyrian, of Tyre, a Phoenician city on the coast of the Levant

Words of Special Significance:

moles, molis (f) a mass, weight, burden 

pietas, pietatis (f) 

pius, a, um 

condo, condere, condidi, conditus

volvo, volvere, volui, volutus - to move in a curved course; to roll; to unroll; to undergo

ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus - to burn; be eager

cerno, cernere, crevi, cretus - to discern, perceive 

eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus - to snatch away

for, fari, fatus sum - to speak

foveo, fovere - to cherish 

fundo, fundere, fudi, fusus - to pour forth 

furo, furere, furui - to rage, rave, be frantic 

impello,  impellere, impuli, impulsus - strike, force, drive

labor, labi, lapsus sum - to slipe, to slide 

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to stride; go forth; walk 

ruo, ruere, rui - fall; rush; sink

sino, sinere - to allow

tendo, tendere, tetendi, tentus - to stretch, extend; tend, aim 

voluto (1) to turn over, roll

volvo, volvere, volui, volutus - to move in a curved course; to roll; to unroll; to undergo

aequor, aequoris (n) sea 

anima, -ae (f) air, breath, life, soul, shade 

animus, -i (m) soul, spirit, courage, thought

anima, -ae (f) soul, spirit, ghost [breath , wind, air]. Transf., [the breath of life, vital principle, soul]; 'animam edere', [to give up the ghost]; poet., [life-blood]; meton., [a living being]; sometimes = animus, [rational soul].

animus, -i (m) [the spiritual or rational principle of life in man]. More specifically: (1) [the seat of feeling , the heart]; 'animi causa', [for pleasure]; loc. (or genit.) 'animi', [at heart]. (2) [character, disposition]; as a trait of character (esp. in plur.) [courage, spirit, vivacity]; also [pride, arrogance]. (3) [the seat of the will, intention]: 'habeo in animo', [I am resolved]. (4) [the seat of thought, intellect, mind, memory, consciousness].

arx, arcis (f) citadel, fort; height

ara, ae (f) altar

arvum, -i (n) field, plowed land

aura, -ae (f) breeze, air

aurum, -i (n) gold

auris, -is (f) ears

comes, comitis (m) companion 

cursus, -us (m) course 

cura, -ae (f) care, anxiety, 

donum, -i (n) gift

fatum, -i (n) fate

fors, fortis (f) chance, fortune

fluctus, us (m) wave, tide, flood, sea

furia, -ae (f) rage, madness 

genus, generis (n) race; kind, origin, 

gens, gentis (f) clan, race, nation

moenia, -ium (n) walls

ora, -ae (f) shore 

ops, opis (f) wealth, power; resource 

pontus, -i (m) sea

portus, -us (m) port

porta, -ae (f) gate

pelagus, -i (n) sea

pectus, pectoris (n) chest; heart; soul 

progenies, progeniei (f) offspring 

sidus, sideris (n) star

socius, -i (m) ally, comrade, follower 

sanguis, -inis (m) blood

sonmus, -i (m) sleep, slumber; dream 

tellus, telluris (f) earth 

turbo, turbinis (m) whirlwind 

unda, -ae (f) wave

asper, aspera, asperum - rough, fierce, harsh 

ater, atra, atrum - dark, black, gloomy

caelestis, -e  (adj.) of the sky, heavenly

cunctus, a, um - whole, entire, all

dives, divitis (adj.) rich, wealthy 

divus, a, um - divine

fessus, a, um - tired, weary 

immanis, -e  - huge, monstrous, enormous 

invisus, a, um - hated 

infelix, infelicis (adj.) unfortunate, unhappy, accursed 

inferus, a, um - low, below, underneath

memor, memoris (adj.) mindful, remembering + genitive case

saevus, a, um - cruel, savage

insuper (adv.) above, besides 

haud (adv.) not, by no means, not at all 

heu (interjections) alas! “It feels good”

longe (adv.) far off

necdum (adv.) not yet

olim (adv.) once upon a time, once

praeterea (adv.) besides, hereafter

qua (adv.) where, in anyway

quippe - truly, indeed surely 

una (adv.) together, at the same time 

Final Caesar Vocabulary List - Book 6

1) Be able to decline:          carus vultus;  insigne munus;  hoc os;   nullum numen

2) Expect verb game on:     for, fari, fatus sum and colo, colere, colui, cultus

fertur = he, she, it is said

abdo, abdere, abdidi, abditus - to put away, hide, remove, secrete

cano, canere, cecini, cantus - to sing 

colo, colere, colui, cultus - to worship; to cultivate 

comprehendo, comprehendere, comprehendi - seize, grasp, arrest

condo, condere, condidi, conditus - to found, establish

confido, confidere, confisus sum (semi-transvestite) + dative  = to trust 

conspicor (1) to catch sight of; perceive 

contego, contegere, contexi, contextum - cover over

deficio, deficere, defeci, defectum - to give out, to fail 

dimico (1) to brandish weapon; contend 

excido, excidere - to fall from, perish 

fertur = he, she, it is said

for, fari, fatus sum - to speak

foveo, fovere -to keep warm; cherish, support

iacto (1) to toss, buffet

immolo (1) to sacrifice , immolate 

impello, impellere, impuli, impulsus - to drive, force, strike 

laedo, laedere, laesi, laesum - to hurt, injure; offend 

metuo, metuere, metui - fear, dread 

patior, pati, passus sum - to suffer, endure; to allow + acc. + inf. 

rego, regere, rexi, rectum - to rule, lead, direct 

servo, servare - to keep, preserve 

sino, sinere, sivi, situs - permit, allow 

versor (1) to be engaged in 

altum, -i (n) the deep; the sea 

aequor, aequoris (n) a flat level surface; the sea

arx, arcis (f) citadel 

causa, -ae (f) cause, reason; case 

casus, -us (m) chance; misfortune, disaster

conspectus, -us (m) look, sight, view

currus, -us (m) chariot 

excidium, -ii (n) destruction, overthrow 

fama, -ae (f) rumour, story, report

furiae, -arum (f) madness, rage 

furtum, i (n) theft, robbery 

iniuria, -ae (f) injury, wrong 

noxia, -ae (f) fault, offence, crime

moenia, -ium (n. pl.) walls 

moles, molis (f) mass, burden, difficulty 

morbus, -i (m) disease, sickness, illness

munus, muneris (n) service, duty; gift 

numen, numinis (n) divine spirit, divine power

opinio, opinionis (f) opinion, thought, belief 

opus, operis (n) task, work; fortification; need 

ops, opis (f) help, resources, power, wealth 

ora, orae (f) shore

os, oris (n) mouth; face

os, ossis (n) bone

progenies, progeniei (f) offspring 

quisquam, quaequam, quidquam - anybody, anyone, anything

sanguis, sanguinis (m) blood; family, race 

sal, salis (n) salt 

vultus, -us (m) face; expression 

asper, aspera, asperum - harsh, rough, fierce 

caelestis, -e  - celestial, heavenly 

carus, a, um - dear + dative case

dives, divitis (adj.) wealthy, rich 

immanis, -e  - immense, enormous 

immitis, -e   - fierce, cruel 

insignis, -e  - distinguished, remarkable 

invisus,a, um - hated, hateful, odious 

memor, menoris (adj.) mindful, remembering + genitive case

saevus, a, um - cruel 

tot (indecl. adj.) so many

turpis, -e  - shameful, ugly, vile 

vetus, veteris (adj.) old 

vivus, a, um - living, alive

admodum (adv.) completely, just about

clam (adv.) in secret

circum + acc.  = around 

dum (subord. conj.) + indicative = while 

dum (subord. conj.) + subjunctive = until 

enim - for, indeed, in truth 

magis (adv.) more, rather

necdum - not yet

nondum  - not yet 

ob + acc.  - on account of 

palam (adv.) openly, publicly

qua (adv.) where, in any way 

quoque (adv.) also 

fertur = he, she, it is said

List for Fourth Vocabulary Quiz on  Monday, November 11, 2013

adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum - get, obtain, reach 

cado, cadere, cecidi, casus - to fall 

cedo, cedere, cessi, cessus - to move, to withdraw 

cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctus - to surround 

coepi, coepisse, coeptum - to begin (defective verb) 

confido, confidere, confisus sum - to trust, believe 

conspicio, conspicere, conspexi, conspectus - to see, to behold 

compleo, complere, complevi, completus - to fill 

despero (1) to give up, to have not hope

disco, discere, didici - to learn, get to know 

excito (1) excite, inspire; raise 

excedo, excedere, excessi, excessus - to go out

impetro (1) to obtain, accomplish 

interpono, interponere, interposui - to introduce 

labor, labi, lapsus sum - to slipe, glide 

minuo, minuere, minui - to diminish 

nego (1) to deny, to say ...not 

nitor, niti, nisus sum - to lean on; to rely on 

paro (1) to prepare

pareo, parere, parui - to obey + dative

pario, parere, peperi, partus - to produce, bear 

repello, repellere, repuli, repulsus - drive back, repulse 

tollo, tollere, subtuli, sublatus - raise; destroy 

ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum - to avenge, take vengeance 

aditus, -us (m) approach, entrance 

auctoritas, auctoritatis (f) influence, clout 

circuitus, -us (m) circumference, circuit 

fides, fidei (f) faith, honor, trust 

fletus, -us (m) weeping 

ignis, -is (m) fire 

mos, moris (m) custom, habit, manner

negotium, -ii (n) business, a task 

opus, operis (n) work, toil; defenses 

praesidium, -ii (n) guard, protection 

repentinus, a, um - sudden 

scala, -ae (f) ladder, stairs 

sermo, sermonis (m) conversation, speech 

studium, -ii (n) eagerness, zeal 

vulgus, -i (n) mass, mob

aeger, aegra, aegrum - sick, weak 

alacer, alacris, alacere - eager, spirited 

confertus, a, um - crowded together 

incommodus, a, um - unfortunate, disastrous 

incolumis, -e  - uninjured, safe

indignus, a, um + ablative  = unworthy, undeserving 

idoneus, a, um - suitable, appropriate + dative case

par, paris - equal, similar 

saucius, a, -um - wounded 

apud + acc. = in the presence of, with, among

confestim (adv.) immediately 

intra + acc.   = within 

inter + acc  = between, among 

procul (adv.) far off, at a distance

quotiens - as often as

nondum (adv.) not yet

paene (adv.) almost 

rursus (adv.) again, backward

tametsi - even if, although 

unde - whence, from where

vero - in truth, in fact

Be able to decline:

hoc opus &  eadem fides 

List for Second Vocabulary Quiz on

Martial Words in Honour of Pugnacious Dan Brown

adgredior, adgredi, adgressus sum - to advance, attack 

amitto, amittere, amisi, amissum - to lose 

armo (1) to arm, to equip, 

conspicor, conspicari, conspicatus sum - to catch sight of, see, notice 

cohortor (1) to exhort

dimico (1) to fight 

egredior, egredi, egressus sum - to go out; disembark (from a ship)

incito (1) to urge on, set in motion 

intermitto, intermittere, intermisi, intermissus - to leave off, cease 

impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatus + dative  - to command

iter facere - to make a journey, march 

iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus - to order + acc. + inf.

laxo, laxare (1) to loose, widen 

occido, occidere, occidi, occisus - to kill

oppugno (1) attack

proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum - to set out

pello, pellere, puli, pulsus - to drive, drive back; put to flight

proelio, proeliare - to do battle 

potior, potiri, potitus sum + genitive or ablative - take possession of, capture

vulnero (1) to wound 

acies, aciei (f) line;  battle line  

adventus, -us (m) arrival 

agmen, agminis (n) line; marching line  - agmen novissimum - rear line 

arma, - orum (n. pl.) weapons 

castra, -orum (neut. pl) camp

campus, i (m) plain 

centurio, centurionis (m) commander of a centuria, centurion 

consilium, -i (n) plan

copiae, -arum (f. pl.) troops

cornu, -us (n) horn, moon, bow; wing of the an army 

cohors, cohortis, -ium (f) subdivision of a legion,  generally 1/10 of a legion 

cursus, -us (m) a running; speed 

equites equitum (m. pl.)  calvary 

equitatus, -us (m) calvary

expugno (1) take by storm, capture

frons, frontis (m) front 

fors, fortis (f) luck, chance 

funda, -ae (f) sling

hostis, is, ium (m) enemy

imperium, -ii (n) power, command 

impetus, -us (m) attack 

impedimentum, -i (n) equipment, baggage 

latus, lateris (n) side; flank 

legatus, -i (m) envoy, leutenent 

legio, legionis (f) legion

manipulus, -i (m) maniple, a unity of 120 soldiers 

miles, militis (m) soldier

modus, -i (m) manner, way

galea, -ae (f) helmet 

pars, partis (f) part, side; direction 

praesidium, -ii (n) protection, guard 

pugna, -ae (f) fight; battle 

proelium, -ii (n) battle

officium, -ii (n) duty

opus, operis (n) work; fortification

opera, -ae (f) effort, attention 

ordo, ordinis (f) rank, order; centurion 

ramus, -i (m) branch of a tree

remus, -i (m) oar

salus, salutis (f) safety, salvation 

scutum, i (n) shield 

signum, -i (n) sign; battle standard 

signiferus, -i (m) standard-bearer 

subsidium, -ii (n) help, aid

telum, -i (n) weapon, spear, javelin 

usus, usus (m) use, purpose        ad usum - for the (that) purpose 

virtus, virtutis (f) courage, valour

vulnus, vulneris (n) wound

vis, vis (f) force, attack

vires, virium (f. pl.) strength 

dexter, dextera, dexterum - right 

sinister, sinistra, sinistrum - left

quisque, quidque (indefinite pronoun) - each one, each thing  

quicumque (-cunque) quaecumque quodcumque relat. [whoever , whichever, whatever]; indef. [any available].

aut...aut (conjunctions) either...or 

forte (adv.) by chance 

inde (adv.) from that place; then 

item (adv.) likewise, in the same way 

magnopere (adv.) greatly   (special word for Catherine L.)

modo (adv.) just, just now, recently 

non modo...sed etiam - not only...but also 

neque...neque (conjunctions) - neither...nor

eo (adv.) there, to that place

paulum (adv.) a little (distance) 

quo (adv.) to which place 

uti = ut 

List for First Vocabulary Quiz on Monday, September 9, 2013

accido, accidere, accidi - to happen (often + ut + subjunctive = “it happened that”)

arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum - to judge, to think 

conficio, conficere, confeci, confectus - to complete, finish

consisto, consistere, constiti - to take up position; to place oneself; stop; stand firm 

consto, constare, constiti, constatum - to stand together; to be established; often used       impersonally -  contat or contabat    =   it is agreed 

constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum - to set up, place, establish; to decide, to  arrange 

consuesco, consuescere, consuevi, consuetus - to be accustomed (to)+ infinitive

cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognotus - to learn, come to know (in the perfect = know). 

desum, deesse, defui - to be lacking; to fail + dative case

efficio, efficere, effeci, effectus - to do, effect  (often used impersonally + ut +  subjunctive = “it happened that.....”

nasciscor, nascisci, nactus sum - to find, to obtain 

persuadeo, persuadere, persuasi, persuasum + dative   - to persuade

praesto, praestare, praestiti, praestatus - to perform 

praesum, praeesse, praefui + dative  - to be in command of

procedo, procedere, processi, processurus - to go forward, advance

pronuntio, prountiare, pronuniavi, pronuntiatus - to announce, make known

subsequor, subsequi, subsecutus sum - to follow closely

versor, versari, versatus sum - to be involved in, to be engaged in

animus, -i (m) mind, spirit; (in plural = courage)

consuetudo, consuetudinis (f) custom, habit

consilium, -ii (n) plan, counsel 

copia, -ae (f) abundance; troops, forces; supplies

casus, -us (m) misfortune, disaster

casu (adv.) by change accidentally 

facultas, facultatis (f) opportunity, power, skill, ability 

finis, -is (m or f) end, limit, boundary (in plural = borders, territory)

finitimi, -orum (m. pl.) neighboring tribe or people

imperium, -i (n) command, power

initium, -i (n) beginning; entrance

iter, itineris (n) journey, path, route, road (facere iter = to march)

navis, -is (f) ship (navium gen. pl.)

obses, obsidis (m/f) hostage

opera, -ae (f) effort, trouble

opus, operis (n) work; building; fortification 

pars, partis (f) part, side, direction

passus, -us (m) step, pace

salus, salutis (f) safety 

tergum, -i (n) back 

usus, us (m) use, exercise,  practice, application 

nonnullus, a, um - some, (lit. not none)  -ius paradigm 

relinquus, a, um - the remaining, the rest

totus, a, um (-ius paradigm) whole, entire

tutus, a, um - safe

uterque, utraque, utrumque (-ius paradigm utriusque in gen.)  each (of two)

fere (adv.) nearly, almost

plerumque (adv.) generally, usually; often

praeterea (adv.) besides, moreover

procul (adv.) at a distance, far away

prope (adv.) near

propter (prep. + acc.) on account of, because of

quisque, quidque (indef. pronoun) each one, each person, each thing

ne...quidem = not even   

quidem, indeed, certainly, at any rate

uti = ut (subordinating conj.)

Quiz on Friday, April 18

Book 4.659-705 & 6.295-332

A number of these words you should already know so the list should not be as intimidatingly long as it first appears.  

Acheron, Acherontis (m) River of Hades

Charon, Charontis (m) Charon, ferryman of souls across the river Styx 

Cocytus, -i (m) river in the underworld 

Dis, Ditis (m) Pluto, Hades, god of underworld 

Iris, Iridis (f) Iris, messenger of Juno and goddess of the rainbow

abluo, abluere, ablui, ablutus - to wash (off)

adnitor, adniti, adnisus sum - to lean on; struggle 

aestuo (1) boil, seethe, rage

arceo, acrere, arcui - to keep off, defend 

bacchor (1) to rave, rush wildly

cado, cadere, cecidi, casus - to fall 

concutio, concutere, concussi, concussus - to shake, shatter

deficio, deficere, defeci, defectus - fail, faint 

defungor, defungi, defunctus, a, um - perform, finish + ablative case

fremo, fremere, fremui- roar, grown 

iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus - to please, to help (often used impersonally) 

haurio, haurire, hausi, haustus - to drain, drink in 

miseror, miserari, miseratus sum - to pity

seco, secare, secui, sectus - to cut, cleave, slice

spargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsus - to scatter, sprinkled 

sperno, spernere, sprevi, spretus - scorn, reject

verro, verrere, verri, versus - to sweep (over) 

amnis, -is (m) river 

amictus, -us (m) cloak, robe 

calor, caloris (m) heat, warmth

canities, canitiei (f) 

crinis, crinis (m) hair

crudus, a, um - raw, fresh; bloody 

folium, -i (n) leaf 

gemitus, -us (m) roar, groan, lament

harena, -ae (f) sand, beach 

halitus, -us (m) breath

heros, herois (m) hero, great warrior

omen, ominis (n) omen

palus, paludis (f) swamp, marsh 

ripa, -ae (f) bank

senectus, senectutis (f) old age 

sinus, -us (m) fold, boson, bay, hollow, indentation 

sors, sortis (f) lot, chance 

torus, -i (m) couch, bed

tumultus, -us (m) tumult, uprising, clamor 

exsanguis, -e bloodless, lifeless, pale 

examinis, -e - breathless, 

extremus, a, um - final, last, extreme

incolumis, -e  - unharmed, safe 

incultus, a, um - wild, unkempt 

iniquus, a, um - unfair, unjust, hostile 

inhumatus, a, um - unburied 

inops, inopis (adv.) needy, destitute, bereft of

lividus, a, um - blue, dark 

sordidus, a, um - dirty, squalid 

trepidus, a, um - agitated, trembling

aliter (adv.) otherwise

demum (adv.) at length, finally

iuxta + acc. case = next to , close to 

inde  (adv.) thence, thereupon, afterward 

quia - because

totiens - so often

totidem - the same number

una (adv.) together, at the same time

List for Vocabulary Quiz on Thursday, March 28, 2013

a(d)spicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus - to see, behold, look at 

attollo, attollere - raise up, lift

aveho, avehere, avexi, avectus - to carry away, convey

careo, carere, carui + abl.  - to lack, be free from

dignor, dignari, dignatus sum = abl.   - to deem worthy

everto, evertere, eversi, eversus - to over turn; destroy 

fugleo, fulgere - to shine, flash 

haurio, haurire, hausi, haustum - to drain, to drink in

haereo, haereo, haesi, haesum - to cling, to stick, to get stuck; be embarrassed

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to go forth, stride, walk majestically 

insto, instare - to press on, urge + dative

iuvo, iuvare, iuvi - to please, to help (often used impersonally) 

lateo, latere, latui - to hide, to lurk (latent) 

occido, occidere, occidi, occasus - to fall, to perish 

occulto (1) to hide (occult) 

pario, parere, peperi, partus - to give birth, gain, acquire

statuo, statuere, statui, statutus - establish, set up 

sisto, sistere, steti, status - stand, stop, stay

sterno, sternere, stravi, stratus - to lay low; spread; strew 

suscito (1) to stir, to arouse 

tueor, tueri, tutus sum - to watch over; protect

ulcisor, ulicisci, ultus sum - to avenge   (Temple of Mars Ultor) 

aether, eris (m) upper air; heavens

ala, -ae (f) wings

amnis, -is (m) river 

anguis, -is (m) snake

caterva, -ae (f) crowd, band (Marc’s word)

conubium, -ii (n) marriage

culpa, -ae (f) fault, offense, blame

culmen, culminis (n) peak, summit, top; acme 

custos, custodis (m) guard 

dolus, -i (m) trick, fraud, deciet

dolor, doloris (m) grief; angry; pain 

ensis, -is (m) sword; knife

error, erroris (m) error; trick, deceit; a wandering

facies, faciei (m) face; appearance 

fictum, -i (n) falsehood

insania, -ae (f) madness, frenzy

letum, -i (n) death

nepos, nepotis (m) descendent 

pulvis, pulveris (m) dust 

robur, roburis (m) oak; strength 

rota, -ae (f) wheel 

sermo, sermonis (m) speech, conversation 

solum, -i (n) ground, soil, earth 

uterus, -i (m) womb, belly

vitta, -ae (f) garland, fillet

conscius, a, um - aware, privy to 

defessus, a, um - weary; exhausted 

extremus, a, um  - final, last, furthest 

incolumis, -e - safe, unharmed, uninjured 

invisus, a, um - hated; hateful 

laevus, a, um - left; stupid 

fetus, a, um - teeming with, pregnant with 

foedus, a, um - foul, disgusting, filthy 

furtivus, a, um - stolen, secret

pernix, pernicis (adj.) swift, active 

secundus, a, um - following, favorable 

tenax, tenacis (adj.) holding

tutus, a, um - safe

umidus, a, um - damp, dewy, wet

enim (adv.)  for, indeed, truly 

denique (adv.) finally, at last 

nusquam (adv.) nowhere; never

pariter (adv.) equally, alike 

passim (adv.) everywhere

totidem - the same number; so many

totiens - so often

Vocabulary List for Aeneid 1.494-578

Acestes, -ae (m) king of Sicily 

Dardanus, a, um = Trojan, of Dardanus, legendary king of Troy 

Latona, -ae (f) Leto, mother of Apollo and Diana

Iulus, -i (m) son of Aeneas AKA Ascanius, hence the Gens Julii.  Very cute and furry rabbit similar in appearance to Gurji Gurji.

Poeni, -orum (m. pl.) Carthaginians, Phoenicians 

Tyrius, a, um - Tyrian or of Tyre, a Phoenician city in the Levant 

Hesperia, -ae (f) land in the west

Saturnius, a, um - of Saturn

adsurgo, adsurgere, adsurrexi, adsurrectus - to rise up, to stand up 

aspicio, aspicere, aspexi, aspectus - to look at, behold, look upon 

cieo, ciere, civi, citus - rouse, stir 

defigo, defigere, defixi, defixus - fix, to fasten 

haereo, haereo, haesi, haesum - to cling, to stick, to get stuck; be embarrassed

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to go forth, stride, walk majestically 

insto, instare - to press on + dative

parco, parcere, peperci + dative = to spare, pardon 

populo (1) to devastate, 

stupeo, stupere, stupui - to stand fixed, to be dazed 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - take, use up, consume (also  adsumo) 

surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectus - to rise up, to stand up 

solvo, solvere, solvi, solutus - to loosen, set free; bring an end to 

veho, vehere, vexi, vectus - to convey, carry 

veto, vetere, vetui - to forbid, prevent

aequor, aequoris (n) sea

anima, -ae (f) soul, spirit, ghost [breath , wind, air]. Transf., [the breath of life, vital principle, soul]; 'animam edere', [to give up the ghost]; poet., [life-blood]; meton., [a living being]; sometimes = animus, [rational soul].

animus, -i (m) [the spiritual or rational principle of life in man]. More specifically: (1) [the seat of feeling , the heart]; 'animi causa', [for pleasure]; loc. (or genit.) 'animi', [at heart]. (2) [character, disposition]; as a trait of character (esp. in plur.) [courage, spirit, vivacity]; also [pride, arrogance]. (3) [the seat of the will, intention]: 'habeo in animo', [I am resolved]. (4) [the seat of thought, intellect, mind, memory, consciousness].

antrum, -i (n) 

aurum, - (n) gold

auris, -is (f) ears          Luciae aures aureae sunt. 

aura, -ae (f) breeze 

caterva, -ae (f) crowd

caecus, a, um - blind

clarus, a, um - clear, bright; distinguished, noble 

cura, ae (f) care, worry, anxiety 

discrimen, discriminis (n) a dividing line; critical moment; crisis; hardship

foris, -is (f) door, gate 

harena, -ae (f) sand

iuvenis, -is (m) youth 

ius, iuris (n) law

moles, molis (f) a mass; undertaking, burden 

mos, moris (m) custom 

metus, -us (m) fear

officium, -ii (n) duty, kindness, favour

opus, operis (n) work, labour, task 

ora, -ae (f) shore

praeda, -ae (f) booty 

ramus, i (m) branch 

remus, -i (m) oar

sors, sortis (f) lot, chance; fate 

turbo, turbinis (m) storm; whirlwind 

aetherius, a, um  - of the upper air, ethereal 

ater, atra, atrum - black 

avidus, a, um - eager 

barbarus, a, um - foreign, strange, uncivilized 

crudelis, -e  - cruel, bloody 

cunctus, a, um - all 

infelix, infelicis - unhappy, ill-fated, barren 

laetus, a, um - happy 

memor, memoris (adj.) mindful, remembering + genitive 

potens, potentis (adj.) powerful, ruling over + genitive 

subnixus, a, um + abl.   resting on 

tutus, a, um - safe

at, ast (adversative conj.) 

adhuc (adv.) to his point, till now

coram (adv.) openly, publicly, face to face

equidem - truly, indeed, certainly 

pariter (adv.) equally 

seu...seu  - whether...or

Anchises, -ae (m) acc. =Anchisen - Trojan Prince and father of Aeneas

Argivus, a, um - Argive, Greek 

Danaus, a, um - Danaan, Greek

Parcae, -arum (f) Fates 

Teucrus, a, um - Teucrian, Trojan 

Troia, -ae (f) city of Troy or Ilium

Tyrius, a, um - Tyrian, of Tyre, a Phoenician city on the coast of the Levant

Words of Special Significance:

moles, molis (f) a mass, weight, burden 

pietas, pietatis (f) 

pius, a, um 

condo, condere, condidi, conditus

volvo, volvere, volui, volutus - to move in a curved course; to roll; to unroll; to undergo

ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus - to burn; be eager

cerno, cernere, crevi, cretus - to discern, perceive 

eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus - to snatch away

for, fari, fatus sum - to speak

fundo, fundere, fudi, fusus - to pour 

furo, furere, furui - to rage, rave, be frantic 

labor, labi, lapsus sum - to slipe, to slide 

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to stride; go forth; walk 

ruo, ruere, rui - fall; rush; sink; plow

tendo, tendere, tetendi, tentus - to stretch

voluto (1) to turn over, roll

volvo, volvere, volui, volutus - to move in a curved course; to roll; to unroll; to undergo

aequor, aequoris (n) sea 

arx, arcis (f) citadel, fort; height

ara, ae (f) altar

arvum, -i (n) field 

aura, -ae (f) breeze, air

aurum, -i (n) gold

cura, -ae (f) care, anxiety, 

donum, -i (n) gift

fatum, -i (n) fate

fors, fortis (f) chance, fortune

fluctus, us (m) wave, tide, flood, sea

furia, -ae (f) rage, madness 

genus, generis (n) race; kind, origin, 

gens, gentis (f) clan, race, nation

moenia, -ium (n) walls

ora, -ae (f) shore 

pontus, -i (m) sea

portus, -us (m) port

porta, -ae (f) gate

pelagus, -i (n) sea

pectus, pectoris (n) chest; heart; soul 

sidus, sideris (n) star

socius, -i (m) ally, comrade, follower 

sanguis, -inis (m) blood

sonmus, -i (m) sleep, slumber; dream 

turbo, turbinis (m) whirlwind 

ater, atra, atrum - dark, black, gloomy

caelestis, -e  (adj.) of the sky, heavenly

fessus, a, um - tired, weary 

immanis, -e  - huge, monstrous, enormous 

invisus, a, um - hated 

infelix, infelicis (adj.) unfortunate, unhappy, accursed 

inferus, a, um - low, below, underneath

saevus, a, um - cruel, savage

insuper (adv.) above, besides 

longe (adv.) far off

necdum (adv.) not yet

olim (adv.) once upon a time, once

praeterea (adv.) besides, hereafter

qua (adv.) where, in anyway

quippe - truly, indeed surely 

una (adv.) together, at the same time 

Final Caesar Vocabulary and Beginning Vergil List 

abdo, abdere, abdidi, abditus - to put away, hide, remove, secrete

colo, colere, colui, cultus - to worship

comprehendo, comprehendere, comprehendi - seize, grasp, arrest

condo, condere, condidi, conditus - to found, establish

confido, confidere, confisus sum (semi-transvestite) + dative  = to trust 

conspicor (1) to catch sight of; perceive 

contego, contegere, contexi, contectum - cover over

deficio, deficere, defeci, defectum - to give out

dimico (1) to brandish weapon; contend 

excido, excidere - to fall from, perish 

for, fari, fatus sum - to speak

foveo, fovere -to keep warm; cherish, support

iacto (1) to toss, buffet

immolo (1) to sacrifice , immolate 

laedo, laedere, laesi, laesum - to hurt, injure; offend 

metuo, metuere, metui - fear, dread 

patior, pati, passus sum - to suffer, endure; to allow + acc. + inf. 

servo, servare - to keep, preserve 

sino, sinere, sivi, situs - permit, allow 

altum, -i (n) the deep; the sea 

aequor, aequoris (n) a flat level surface; the sea

causa, -ae (f) cause, reason 

casus, -us (m) chance; misfortune, disaster

conspectus, -us (m) look, sight, view

currus, -us (m) chariot 

excidium, -ii (n) destruction, overthrow 

fama, -ae (f) rumour, story, report

furiae, -arum (f) madness, rage 

furtum, i (n) theft, robbery 

noxia, -ae (f) fault, offence, crime

moles, molis (f) mass, burden, difficulty 

morbus, -i (m) disease, sickness, illness

munus, muneris (n) service, duty; gift 

numen, numinis (n) divine spirit, divine power

opinio, opinionis (f) opinion, thought, belief 

ops, opis (f) help, resources, power, wealth 

ora, orae (f) shore

os, oris (n) mouth; face

os, ossis (n) bone

progenies, progeniei (f) offspring 

quisquam, quaequam, quidquam - anybody, anyone, anything

sal, salis (n) salt 

vultus, -us (m) face; expression 

asper, aspera, asperum - harsh, rough, fierce 

caelestis, -e  - celestial, heavenly 

carus, a, um - dear

dives, divitis (adj.) wealthy, rich 

immanis, -e  - immense, enormous 

immitis, -e   - fierce, cruel 

invisus,a, um - hated, hateful, odious 

memor, memoris (adj.) mindful, remembering + genitive case

tot (indecl. adj.) so many

vetus, veteris (adj.) old 

vivus, a, um - living, alive

admodum (adv.) completely, just about

circum + acc.  = around 

enim - for, indeed, in truth 

magis (adv.) more, rather

necdum - not yet

nondum  - not yet 

ob + acc.  - on account of 

palam (adv.) 

qua (adv.) where, in any way

unde (relative or interrogative) whence; from where

 List for 5th Vocabulary Quiz (End of Caesar, Book V). The quiz will be on Friday, December 7. 

The list is long but many are review words.  Email if you find a typo. 

adhaereo, adhaerere, adhaesi - to cling to, to stick to

audeo, audere, ausus sum - to dare 

cano, canere, cecini, cantus - to sing 

comperio, comperire, comperi, compertus - to find out; to discover 

concedo, concedere - to withdraw 

concido, concidere, concidi, concisum - to cut down 

constipo (1) to crowd together in, to stuff

confido, confidere, confisus sum (semi-deponent) - to believe, to trust, to rely on 

conficio, -ere - to exhaust; to finish 

insto, instare, institi - press on, take position 

irrumpo, irrumpere, irrupi, irruptus, a, um - burst in 

ligo (1) to tie, bind (ligament) 

moror, morari, moratus sum - to delay, linger

morior, mori, mortuus sum - to die

nascor, nasci, natus sum - to be born 

nitor, niti, nixus or nisus sum - to rely on (+abl. case); to struggle to + infinitive 

noceo, nocere, nocui, nocitus - to harm + dative case [often used impersonally  in Caesar: ipsi Titurio nihil nocitum iri = "that no harm will  be done to Titurius himself"]

procedo, procedere, processi, processum - to proceed, to advance 

prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditus - to bring fourth; betray 

progredior, progredi, progessus sum - to advance 

subvenio, subvenire, subveni - come up to; aid, relieve 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - to take; spend 

tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus - raise; destroy 

soleo, solere, solitus sum - to be accustomed to + infinitive 

versor (1) to be engaged, move about; to live 

vereor, vereri, veritus sum - fear, be afraid

adventus, -us (m) arrival (advent)

aedes, aedis (f) building; temple 

aetas, aetatis (f) age, time of life

auctoritas, auctoritatis (f) influence, clout 

aer, aeris (m) air (useful for rebuilding ships) 

aes, aeris (n) bronze

balteus, -i (m) belt, baldric, girdle 

beneficium, -ii (n) kindness, favour, benefit 

caedes, caedis (f) murder, slaughter, killing

casus, -us (m) chance; misfortune, disaster 

certamen, certaminis (n) contest, conflict

cor, cordis (n) heart 

epistula, -ae (f) letter, missive

facinus, facinoris (n) deed; bad deed; crime 

fama, -ae (f) rumour, story, hearsay 

fas (n. indeclinable) right or just according to divine law (opposite is nefas). 

gratia, -ae (f) influence, favour; thanks

iniuria, -ae (f) wrong, injury, injustice 

ius, iuris (n) justice, law, right

liberi, - orum (m) children 

moles, molis (f) a mass, a weight 

morbus, -i (m) disease, sickness, illness

poena, -ae (f) punishment 

nutus, -us (m) a nod

numen, numinis (f) divine spirit; divinity 

obsidio, obsidionis (f) siege, blockade 

ratio, rationis (f) - a reckoning , account, consideration, calculation; 'rationem ducere', [to compute]; [any transaction, affair, business; a reason, motive, ground; a plan, scheme, system; reasonableness, method, order; a theory, doctrine, science; the reasoning faculty].

scutum, -i (n) shield 

turris, -is (f) tower (Italian torre)

vagina, -ae (f) sheath, scabbard 

vallum, -i (n) rampart, wall 

acer, acris, acre - sharp; fierce; bitter; eager (acrid) 

asper, aspera, asperum - rough, harsh, violent

confertus, a, um - crowded together 

creber, crebra, crebrum - crowded, frequent

cupidus, a, um - desirous, eager 

immanis, -e enormous, immense 

inferus, a, um - below, lower 

impeditus, a, um  -  hindered, impeded 

impius, a, um - impious, unholy 

incolumis -e [uninjured , safe and sound]

quidam, quaedam, quoddam (indefinite adj.)  a certain 

quinam, quaenam, quodnam - which, that

quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam - who?, what? 

repentinus, a, um - sudden

turpis, -e  - ugly, shameful, disgusting (turpitude) 

uter, utra, utrum - each of two, one of two 

vivus, a, um - living, alive 

admodum (adv.) completely, just about

aut...aut (conjunctions) either...or 

bis (adv.) twice 

deinceps (adv.) one after another, successively 

intus (adv.) within 

intra (prep.+ acc.) within, among 

confestim (adv.) immediately 

ne...quidem = not even

neve - or not, and not, nor 

nondum (adv.) not yet

pridie (adv.) on the day before, on the previous day. 

quidem - infact, indeed

quoque - and also, also 

rursus (adv.) again, back 

sicut - just as, so as 

extra (prep. + acc.) outside, beyond, outside of

List for Vocabulary Quiz on November 15, Thursday. 

adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum - to obtain, get

consisto, consistere, constiti - to stand (still), to stop

cado, cadere, cecidi, casurum - to fall 

cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum - to withdraw, move

condo, condere, condidi, conditus - to establish, found 

cohortor (1) urge on, incite 

desum, deesse, defui + dative - to be lacking, to need

iacto (1) to toss, hurl 

impello, impellere, impuli, impulsus - to strike, drive 

impetro (1) to get, accomplish, obtain 

labor, labi, lapsus sum - to slide, slip, glide 

nego (1) to deny + dative; to say ....not + acc. + infinitive (indirect statement). 

obeo, obire, obivi, obitum - go to meet, attend to

occido, occidere, occidi, occisus - to kill, cut down 

parco, parcere, peperci + dative - to spare

patior, pati, passus sum - to suffer, endure; allow, permit

praesto, praestare, praestiti - to show, excel, stand before; perform execute 

pronuntio (1) to announce, speak in advance

profiteor, profiteri, professus sum - declare, profess

occulto (1) to hide, conceal 

trepido (1) to be agitated, be in confusion 

acies, aciei (f) sharp edge, battle line

agmen, agminis (n) line, battle line

aquila, -ae (f) eagle; eagle standard 

causa, -ae (f) cause, reason; case

casus, -us (m) change; misfortune, disaster 

fides, fidei (f) faith, honor

gurias, guriatis (m) fierce animal unique to Gaul and the lower Rhine valley

iniuria, -ae (f) wrong, injury, injustice 

latus, lateris (n) side

litus, litoris (n) shore, shoreline 

negotium, -ii (n) business

numen, numinis (n) divine power, authority

officium, -ii (n) duty

ops, opis (f) help, resources; power, wealth, influence

ora, orae (f) shore

orbis, -is (m) circle 

pietas, pietatis (f) loyalty, devotion to state, gods, family

praeda, -ae (f) booty, loot

studium, -ii (n) zeal, eagerness, pursuit, desire 

vis, vis (f) power, force; in plural = strength 

vulgus, -i (n) mass, mob, multitude 

adversus, a, um - opposite, in front 

aeger, aegra, aegrum - sick 

incommodus, a, um - unfortunate, disastrous 

iniquus, a, um - uneven, unfair 

memor, memoris (adj. + genitive case) - mindful, remembering 

latus, a, um - wide

pars, paris - equal

posterus, a, um - next, following

quisque, quaeque, quidque - each, every, everyone, everything 

saevus, a, um - cruel 

saucius, a, um - wounded

ac - and, and also, and even 

at (adversative conjunction) - but

aut...aut (conj.) either...or

confestim (adv.) immediately

deinceps - one after another, successively

demum (adv.) finally

fere (adv.) almost, nearly 

itaque - and so 

intra (prep. + acc.) within , among 

magis (comp. adv.) more, rather

nam - for 

neque...neque (conj.) neither...nor

neve or neu - or not, and not, nor

ne...quidem - not even. e.g.    ne Gurjas quidem id fecit/not even Gurjas did it. 

ob (prep. + acc.) = on account of

proinde - then, therefore, consequently 

plerumque (adv.) mostly, commonly, for the most part

quidem - indeed, in fact, certainly 

quoque (adv.) also 

sese (acc. emphatic form of “se”) 

sive (seu)...sive (seu) - whether...or 

sin - but if, however

undique (adv.) from all sides

unde - whence, from which source

List for Quiz on Tuesday, October 25. 

amitto, amittere, amisi, amissum - to lose

coepi, coepisse, coeptum - to begin (defective verb, lacks present system)

confido, confidere, confisus sum (semi-dep. rabbit) to trust, believe, rely on

cohortor (1) to urge on, incite

compleo, complere, complevi, completus - to fill, fill up

cunctor (1) to delay, hesitate (Remember Fabius Cunctator, who was reluctant to attack Hannibal). 

deduco, deducere, deduxi, deductum - to draw away, lead down

deficio, deficere, defeci, defectum - to fail, to give out (like English "defective"). 

deligo (1) to tie down, fasten

desilio, desilire, desilui - to leap down, jump down

emitto, emittere, emisi, emissum - to send out  (emission) 

hiemo, hiemare (1) to winter, spend the winter

ignosco, ignoscere, ignovi - to pardon, to forgive + dative case

insisto, insistere, insititi - to set on, stop

moror, morari, moratus sum - to delay, linger (moratorium) 

morior, mori, mortuus sum - to die (mortal) 

occido, occidere, occidi, occisus (transitive verb) -  to kill, cut down

oportet, oportere, oportuit (impersonal verb) it is necessary + acc. + inf. or ut + subjunctive

oro (1) to beg, plead, implore 

pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsus - to drive, push 

suspicior, suspiciari, suspiciatus sum - to suspect

aes, aeris (n) bronze (not “air”, Lucy)

casus, us (m) a falling, event; misfortune, crisis

citus, a, um - swift, quick 

essedum, i (n) war-chariot (used by the Britions) 

fluctus, us (m) wave

hiems, hiemis (f) winter

inopia, -ae (f) poverty, want; need 

latus, lateris (n) side, flank

litus, litoris (n) shore

mos, moris (m) custom, manner

mors, mortis (f) death 

opera, -ae (f) effort, attention, service, hard work 

ops, opis (f) help; resources; troops 

pedes, peditis (m) foot soldier; on foot

pulvis, pulveris (m) dust

praeda, -ae (f) booty, plunder 

ramus, -i (m) brach of a tree

remus, -i (m) oar of ship

rota, -ae (f) wheel 

usus, us (m) use, need, purpose (usui is a common dative of purpose) 

angustus, a, um - narrow

amplus, a, um - ample, full, spacious 

impertius, a, um - unskilled + gen. case

expeditus, a, um - fast, unimpeded

repentinus, a, um - sudden, unexpected 

adeo (adv.) to such an extent 

aliter (adv.) otherwise 

clam (adv.) secretly 

cotidie (adv.) daily

deinde - then, next

eiusmodi - of this kind, such

etsi (subordinate conj.) although

interea - meanwhile 

inde - from there, then, afterwards 

modo (adv.) only, merely, just now

nondum (adv.) not yet

praesto (adv.) present, at hand

praesertim (adv.) especially

palam (adv.) openly, publicly 

paulatim (adv.) little by little

plus (adv.) more

praeter + acc.  beyond

quoad (subordinate conjunction) until, as far as, as long as

rursus (adv.) again 

tandem (adv.) finally, at last 

conicio, conicere, conieci, coniectus - to hurl, to throw

consuesco, consuescere, consuevi, consuetus - to be accustomed (to)+ infinitive

cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognotus - to learn, come to know (in the perfect = know). 

dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditus - to give up, surrender 

desum, deesse, defui - to be lacking; to fail + dative case

expugno (1) to take by storm, capture

existimo (1) to judge, consider, think 

efficio, efficere, effeci, effectus - to do, effect  (often used impersonally + ut + subjunctive = “it happened that.....”

gero, gerere, gessi, gestum - to wage, conduct, accomplish; wear

incito (1) to drive forward, incite 

munio (4) to fortify 

nasciscor, nascisci, nactus sum - to find, to obtain

probo (1) approve, commend

proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum - to set out  

subvenio, subvenire, subveni, subventum - to come to the aid of + dative

acies, aciei (f) battle line

agmen, agminis (n) marching line (novissimum agmen = rear of the  line)

auxilium, -ii (n) help 

castra, -arum (n) camp

cohors, cohortis (f) cohort

cornu, -us (n) wing (of an army); horn 

copiae, -arum (f) troops

equites, equitum (m. pl.) cavalry

equitatus, -us (m) cavalry 

eruptio, eruptionis (f) a breaking out

exercitus, -us (m) army

fossa, -ae (f) ditch 

frumentum, -i (n) grain, (in plural = crops)

gladius, -ii (m) sword

impedimentum, -i (n) impediment, obstacle, (in plural = baggage train)

impetus, -us (m) attack 

legatus, -i (m) envoy; lieutenant 

legio, legionis (f) legion 

manus, -us (f) hand; band or group of soldiers

miles, militis (m) soldier

munitio, munitionis (f) fortification 

murus, -i (m) wall 

obsidio, obsidionis (f) siege, blockade 

pars, partis (f) part, side

passus, -us (m) step, pace

pilum, i (n) javelin 

praesidium, -ii (n) guard

proelium, -ii (n)  battle

profectio, profectionis (f) departure, setting out 

salus, salutis (f) safety, salvation 

scutum, -i (n) shield 

subsidium, -ii (n) help, reinforcement, support

telum, -i (n) weapon; spear 

turris, turris, turrium (f) tower

vigilia, -ae (f) watch (military)

vallum, -i (n) rampart; wall 

expeditus, a, um  - lightly armed 

paratus, a, um - prepared

reliquus, a, um - remaining, the rest

ne...quidem = not even (surrounds the word that it emphasizes) 

qua (relative) where

fere (adv.) nearly, almost

plerumque (adv.) generally, usually; often

praeterea (adv.) besides, moreover

procul (adv.) at a distance, far away

prope (adv.) near

Vocabulary List for Quiz on Friday, Sept. 7th.  

accido, accidere, accidi - to happen (often + ut + subjunctive) = it happened that ......

arbitor, arbitrari, arbitratus sum - to judge, to think 

conficio, conficere, confeci, confectus - to complete, finish

consisto, consistere, constiti - to take up position; to place oneself; stop; stand firm 

consto, constare, constiti, constatum - to stand together; to be established; often used impersonally -  contat or contabat    =   it is agreed 

constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum - to set up, place, establish; to decide, to arrange 

consuesco, consuescere, consuevi, consuetus - to be accustomed (to)+ infinitive

cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognotus - to learn, come to know (in the perfect = know). 

desum, deesse, defui - to be lacking; to fail + dative case

efficio, efficere, effeci, effectus - to do, effect  (often used impersonally + ut + subjunctive = “it happened that.....”

nasciscor, nascisci, nactus sum - to find, to obtain 

persuadeo, persuadere, persuasi, persuasum + dative   - to persuade

praesto, praestare, praestiti, praestatus - to perform 

praesum, praeesse, praefui + dat.  - to be in command of

procedo, procedere, processi, processurus - to go forward, advance

pronuntio, prountiare, pronuniavi, pronuntiatus - to announce, make known

subsequor, subsequi, subsecutus sum - to follow closely

versor, versari, versatus sum - to be involved in, to be engaged in

animus, -i (m) mind, spirit; (in plural = courage)

consuetudo, consuetudinis (f) custum, habit

consilium, -ii (n) plan, counsel 

copia, -ae (f) abundance; troops, forces; supplies

casus, -us (m) misfortune disater

casu (adv.) by change accidentally 

facultas, facultatis (f) opportunity, power, skill, ability 

finis, -is (m or f) end, limit, boundary (in plural = borders, territory)

finitimi, -orum (m. pl.) neighboring tribe or people

imperium, -i (n) command, power

initium, -i (n) beginning; entrance

iter, itineris (n) journey, path, route, road (facere iter = to march)

navis, -is (f) ship (navium gen. pl.)

obses, obsidis (m/f) hostage

opera, -ae (f) effort, trouble

opus, operis (n) work; building; fortification 

passus, -us (m) step, pace

salus, salutis (f) safety 

tergum, -i (n) back 

usus, us (m) use, exercise,  practice, application 

nonnullus, a, um - some, (lit. not none)  -ius paradigm 

relinquus, a, um - the remaining, the rest

totus, a, um (-ius paradigm) whole, entire

tutus, a, um - safe

uterque, utraque, utrumque (-ius paradigm utriusque in gen.)  each (of two)

fere (adv.) nearly, almost

plerumque (adv.) generally, usually; often

praeterea (adv.) besides, moreover

procul (adv.) at a distance, far away

prope (adv.) near

propter (prep. +acc.) on account of, because of

quisque, quidque (indef. pronoun) each one, each person, each thing

ne...quidem = not even   

quidem, indeed, certainly, at any rate

uti = ut (subordinating conj.)

First Quiz- Stop Here

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